Is the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus simply a temple? How could it take its place among other unique structures such as the Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens, and the Colossus of Rhodes? For the people who actually visited it, the answer was simple. It was not just a temple... It was the most beautiful structure on earth... It was built in honor of the Greek goddess of hunting and wild nature. That was the Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus.
Location
The ancient city of Ephesus near the modern town of Selcuk, about 50 km south of Izmir (Smyrna) in Turkey.
History
Although the foundation of the temple dates back to the seventh century BC, the structure that earned a spot in the list of Wonders was built around 550 BC. Referred to as the great marble temple, or temple D, it was sponsored by the Lydian king Croesus and was designed by the Greek architect Chersiphron. It was decorated with bronze statues sculpted by the most skilled artists of their time: Pheidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas, and Phradmon.
The temple served as both a marketplace and a religious institution. For years, the sanctuary was visited by merchants, tourists, artisans, and kings who paid homage to the goddess by sharing their profits with her. Recent archeological excavations at the site revealed gifts from pilgrims including statuettes of Artemis made of gold and ivory... earrings, bracelets, and necklaces... artifacts from as far as Persia and India.
On the night of 21 July 356 BC, a man named Herostratus burned the temple to ground in an attempt to immortalize his name. He did indeed. Strangely enough, Alexander the Great was born the same night. The Roman historian Plutarch later wrote that the goddess was "too busy taking care of the birth of Alexander to send help to her threatened temple". Over the next two decades, the temple was restored and is labeled "temple E" by archeologists. And when Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor, he helped rebuild the destroyed temple.
When St Paul visited Ephesus to preach Christianity in the first century AD, he was confronted by the Artemis' cult who had no plans to abandon their goddess. And when the temple was again destroyed by the Goths in AD 262, the Ephesians vowed to rebuild. By the fourth century AD, most Ephesians had converted to Christianity and the temple lost its religious glamor. The final chapter came when in AD 401 the Temple of Artemis was torn down by St John Chrysostom. Ephesus was later deserted, and only in the late nineteenth century has the site been excavated. The digging revealed the temple's foundation and the road to the now swampy site. Attempts were recently made to rebuilt the temple, but only a few columns have been re-erected.
Description
The foundation of the temple was rectangular in form, similar to most temples at the time. Unlike other sanctuaries, however, the building was made of marble, with a decorated façade overlooking a spacious courtyard. Marble steps surrounding the building platform led to the high terrace which was approximately 80 m (260 ft) by 130 m (430 ft) in plan. The columns were 20 m (60 ft) high with Ionic capitals and carved circular sides. There were 127 columns in total, aligned orthogonally over the whole platform area, except for the central cella or house of the goddess.
The temple housed many works of art, including four ancient bronze statues of Amazons sculpted by the finest artists at the time. When St Paul visited the city, the temple was adorned with golden pillars and silver statuettes, and was decorated with paintings. There is no evidence that a statue of the goddess herself was placed at the center of the sanctuary, but there is no reason not to believe so.
The early detailed descriptions of the temple helped archeologists reconstruct the building. Many reconstructions such as that by H.F. von Erlach depicted the façade with a four-column porch which never existed. More accurate reconstructions may give us an idea about the general layout of the temple. However, its true beauty lies in the architectural and artistic details which will forever remain unknown.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the one and only Wonder which does not require a description by early historians and poets. It is the one and only Wonder that does not need speculations concerning its appearance, size, and shape. It is the oldest, yet it is the only surviving of the Seven Ancient Wonders. It is the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Location
At the city of Giza, a necropolis of ancient Memphis, and today part of Greater Cairo, Egypt.
History
Contrary to the common belief, only the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), not all three Great Pyramids, is on top of the list of Wonders. The monument was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC to serve as a tomb when he dies. The tradition of pyramid building started in Ancient Egypt as a sophistication of the idea of a mastaba or "platform" covering the royal tomb. Later, several stacked mastabas were used. Early pyramids, such as the Step Pyramid of King Zoser (Djoser) at Saqqara by the famous Egyptian architect, Imhotep, illustrate this connection.
The great pyramid is believed to have been built over a 20 year period. The site was first prepared, and blocks of stone were transported and placed. An outer casing (which disappeared over the years) was then used to smooth the surface. Although it is not known how the blocks were put in place, several theories have been proposed. One theory involves the construction of a straight or spiral ramp that was raised as the construction proceeded. This ramp, coated with mud and water, eased the displacement of the blocks which were pushed (or pulled) into place. A second theory suggests that the blocks were placed using long levers with a short angled foot.
Throughout their history, the pyramids of Giza have stimulated human imagination. They were referred to as "The Granaries of Joseph" and "The Mountains of Pharaoh". When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, his pride was expressed through his famous quote: "Soldats! Du haute de ces Pyramides, 40 siècles nous contemplent". (Soldiers! From the top of these Pyramids, 40 centuries are looking at us)
Today, the Great Pyramid is enclosed, together with the other pyramids and the Sphinx, in the touristic region of the Giza Plateau. Also in the area is the museum housing the mysterious Sun Boat, only discovered in 1954 near the south side of the pyramid. The boat is believed to have been used to carry the body of Khufu in his last journey on earth before being buried inside the pyramid. It may also serve him as a means of transportation in his afterlife journey according to Ancient Egyptian beliefs.
Description
When it was built, the Great pyramid was 145.75 m (481 ft) high. Over the years, it lost 10 m (30 ft) off its top. It ranked as the tallest structure on Earth for more than 43 centuries, only to be surpassed in height in the nineteenth century AD. It was covered with a casing of stones to smooth its surface (some of the casing can still be seen near the top of Khefre's pyramid). The sloping angle of its sides is 54 degrees 54 minutes. Each side is carefully oriented with one of the cardinal points of the compass, that is, north, south, east, and west. The horizontal cross section of the pyramid is square at any level, with each side measuring 229 m (751 ft) in length. The maximum error between side lengths is astonishingly less than 0.1%.
The structure consists of approximately 2 million blocks of stone, each weighing more than two tons. It has been suggested that there are enough blocks in the three pyramids to build a 3 m (10 ft) high, 0.3 m (1 ft) thick wall around France. The area covered by the Great pyramid can accommodate St Peter's in Rome, the cathedrals of Florence and Milan, and Westminster and St Paul's in London combined.
On the north face, is the pyramid's entrance. A number of corridors, galleries, and escape shafts either lead to the King's burial chamber, or were intended to serve other functions. The King's chamber is located at the heart of the pyramid, only accessible through the Great Gallery and an ascending corridor. The King's sarcophagus is made of red granite, as are the interior walls of the King's Chamber. Most impressive is the sharp-edged stone over the doorway which is over 3 m (10 ft) long, 2.4 m (8 feet) high and 1.3 m (4 ft) thick. All of the interior stones fit so well, a card won't fit between them. The sarcophagus is oriented in accordance with the compass directions, and is only about 1 cm smaller in dimensions than the chamber entrance. It might have been introduced as the structure was progressing.
New theories concerning the origin and purpose of the Pyramids of Giza have been proposed... Astronomic observatories... Places of cult worship... Geometric structures constructed by a long-gone civilization... Even extraterrestrial-related theories have been proposed with little evidence in support... The overwhelming scientific and historic evidence still supports the conclusion that, like many smaller pyramids in the region, the Great Pyramids were built by the great Ancient Egyptian civilization off the West bank of the Nile as tombs for their magnificent Kings... Tombs where Khufu, Khefre, and Menkaure could start their mystic journey to the afterlife.
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon... Fruits and flowers... Waterfalls... Gardens hanging from the palace terraces... Exotic animals... This is the picture of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon in most people's minds. It may be surprising to know that they might have never existed except in Greek poets and historians imagination!
Location
On the east bank of the River Euphrates, about 50 km south of Baghdad, Iraq.
History
The Babylonian kingdom flourished under the rule of the famous King, Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC). It was not until the reign of Naboplashar (625-605 BC) of the Neo-Babylonian dynasty that the Mesopotamian civilization reached its ultimate glory. His son, Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) is credited for building the legendary Hanging Gardens. It is said that the Gardens were built by Nebuchadnezzar to please his wife or concubine who had been "brought up in Media and had a passion for mountain surroundings".
While the most descriptive accounts of the Gardens come from Greek historians such as Berossus and Diodorus Siculus, Babylonian records stay silent on the matter. Tablets from the time of Nebuchadnezzar do not have a single reference to the Hanging Gardens, although descriptions of his palace, the city of Babylon, and the walls are found. Even the historians who give detailed descriptions of the Hanging Gardens never saw them. Modern historians argue that when Alexander's soldiers reached the fertile land of Mesopotamia and saw Babylon, they were impressed. When they later returned to their rugged homeland, they had stories to tell about the amazing gardens and palm trees at Mesopotamia.. About the palace of Nebuchadnezzar.. About the Tower of Babel and the ziggurats. And it was the imagination of poets and ancient historians that blended all these elements together to produce one of the World Wonders.
It wasn't until the twentieth century that some of the mysteries surrounding the Hanging Gardens were revealed. Archaeologists are still struggling to gather enough evidence before reaching the final conclusions about the location of the Gardens, their irrigation system, and their true appearance.
Description
Detailed descriptions of the Gardens come from ancient Greek sources, including the writings of Strabo and Philo of Byzantium. Here are some excerpts from their accounts:
"The Garden is quadrangular, and each side is four plethra long. It consists of arched vaults which are located on checkered cube-like foundations.. The ascent of the uppermost terrace-roofs is made by a stairway..."
"The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. The whole mass is supported on stone columns... Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels... These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of plants and keeping the whole area moist. Hence the grass is permanently green and the leaves of trees grow firmly attached to supple branches... This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectators".
More recent archaeological excavations at the ancient city of Babylon in Iraq uncovered the foundation of the palace. Other findings include the Vaulted Building with thick walls and an irrigation well near the southern palace. A group of archaeologists surveyed the area of the southern palace and reconstructed the Vaulted Building as the Hanging Gardens. However, the Greek historian Strabo had stated that the gardens were situated by the River Euphrates. So others argue that the site is too far from the Euphrates to support the theory since the Vaulted Building is several hundreds of meters away. They reconstructed the site of the palace and located the Gardens in the area stretching from the River to the Palace. On the river banks, recently discovered massive walls 25 m thick may have been stepped to form terraces... the ones described in Greek references.
The Pyramids of Egypt
As unexplained mysteries go, the pyramids of
Giza in Egypt really are something special. We still don't really know
how the Egyptians built the largest pyramid of all, known as the Great
Pyramid of Cheops (or Khufu), some 5,000 years ago. Remember, this was
even before the invention of the wheel!
The
Pyramid of Cheops is the size of a 40-storey building and covers an
area big enough to fit 10 football fields in it. More than 2 million
stone blocks were used to make the pyramid, each weighing 2-5 tons and
cut from a distant limestone quarry on the other side of the Nile.
Experts reckon it took 400,000 men some 20 years to complete.
Engineering feats aside, there are still some
unexplained mysteries going on at the Pyramid of Cheops. In the 1940s, a
French hardware dealer spotted some mummified animals exactly one-third
up the height of the pyramid. The remarkable thing was they showed no
signs of decomposition. He deducted that the pyramid shape was
responsible for preserving these creatures.
Later, a Czech radio engineer conducted a
series of experiments in which he placed a brand new razor blade inside a
1:1,000 scale model of Cheops. He aligned his pyramid on a north-south
axis exactly like the real thing. After getting 50 shaves from the
razor, he was forced to conclude that it was only getting sharper from
being inside the pyramid. It took him 10 years to obtain a patent for
this remarkable device, which still has no scientific explanation today.
Khafre (l.) and Khufu (r.) are two of the three ancient Pyramids in
Giza, Egypt. Khufu is the biggest, consisting of more than 2 million
stones with some weighing 9 tons. The Pyramids, built as elaborate tombs
for divine kings, date back to 2,550 BC. Modern Egyptologists believe
that the Pyramids are made from stones dragged from quarries and,
despite ancient Greek testimony, were built predominantly by skilled
craftsmen rather than slave labor.The Capstone of the Great Pyramid as the “Altar unto the Lord”
Note: The following article is part of Doug Krieger’s book chapter: “ALTARS – ANCIENT EGYPT TO THE APOCALYPSE, Part IV, Section 4 – The Wonderful Numbers of Sacred Canon”
The Capstone (a.k.a. Pyramidion) as the“Altar unto the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt”
by Doug KriegerIt would be logical to commence this immediate study of the Altars of
Sacred Canon at their “dimensional inauguration” – the Tabernacle in
the Wilderness…for therein is a continuity, a logical sequence
of expansion from the Wilderness to Solomon’s Temple and thence to the
grand Millenarian Altar seen in Ezekiel’s futuristic Altar; however, we have decided that, and although the overt mentioning of the *Sacred Cubit’s 25.20”
does not occasion the text by name as in “cubit” in reference to this
Sacred Altar, the impress of the New Jerusalem is, however, written all
over its measurements – for the Great Pyramid of Giza is the most measured artifact of antiquity…the world’s only wonder among the original seven still standing. *“There is another general cubit length that is referred to by the Jews frequently. It is 21.6”
in length. ‘This cubit was also much used by the Jews, and is so often
referred to that it has eclipsed the 25.1” cubit in most writings. The
Gemara names three Jewish cubits of 5, 6, 7 palms, and as Oppert [Julius
Oppert]
shows that 25.2” was reckoned 7 palms, 21.6 being 6 palms, we may
reasonably apply this scale to the Gemara list, and read it as 18, 21.6
and 25.2 inches [Note: The “palm” or “handbreadth” is considered 3.6”.] |
The prophetic implications of the Great Pyramid of Giza’s platform/pyramidion or capstone are awesome – for it is known as the “Altar unto the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt.” This entire edifice, also known as “a pillar to the Lord at its border,” is considered a genuine altar whereupon “sacrifice and offering” are made; however, its Capstone captures the majority of our attention as the Divine Platform raised to the heavens and truly exemplary of the immensity of that Altar unto the LORD, for the “Altar” in Sacred Canon is likewise a WITNESS in the Land of Egypt (cf. Joshua 22:21-29, esp. vs. 27 “but that it (the altar) may be a witness/testimony between you and us and our generations after us….”).
Yes, “Altar to the Lord at the border of Egypt” – for this Altar is astounding, and memorializes the “sacrifice and offering” on that yet future day of reconciliation wherein “Israel will be one of three with Egypt and Assyria—a blessing in the midst of the land, whom the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, ‘Blessed is Egypt My people, and Assyria the work of My hands, and Israel My inheritance’” (Isaiah 19:24-25)…for:
“In that day there will be an ALTAR
TO THE LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar to the LORD
at its border (lit. Giza). And it will be for a sign and for a witness
to the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt; for they will cry to the LORD
because of the oppressors, and He will send them a Savior and a Mighty
One, and He will deliver them. Then the LORD will be known to Egypt,
and the Egyptians will know the LORD in that day, and will make
sacrifice and offering; yes, they will make a vow to the LORD and
perform it” (Isaiah 19:19-21).
In determining the measurements of the Capstone atop the
Great Pyramid of Giza (GPG) we must keep in mind that its “ratio” and
proportion must be precise. Therefore, since the base of the GPG is 756 Linear Feet and its height is 480 Feet, its ratio is calculated as follows: 756/480 = 1.575;
therefore, after a somewhat exhaustive research on the possible
measurements of the GPG’s “missing” Capstone, we have determined that its base side is 13.5 Linear Feet or 162” (Imperial British inch) – consequently, if the ratio were 1.575 we would simply use the common formula in inches to determine the height of the GPG’s Capstone (solving for “x” as the height of the Capstone):- 756’/480’ = 9072”:5760” = 1.575
- 162”/x = 9072”/5760” = 933,120” = 9,072”x
- x = 933,120”/9,072”
- x = 102.857” (Height of GPG Capstone)
- This calculation of the Capstone’s base and height and its ratio to that of the overall GPG substructure is virtually in perfect harmony with the 11/7 ratio of the GPG wherein 11/7 = 1.57 and, of course, we immediately notice that the 11:7 ratio presents two number sets “11” and “7” which when added together constitute the Standard Measurement of the New Jerusalem or “18” (11 + 7 = 18). (Note: The 11/7 ratio can be seen in the 440/280 (Egyptian Royal Cubit) configurations. This 440/280 is 11:7 or 1.57; therefore, the Tribnet’s calculations have gravitated to this overwhelming evidence (see next below).
- To prove our “ratio calculation” and our Capstone’s elevation we simply divide 162” / 102.857” = 1.575 which equals to our GPG base and height overall measurements: 756’/480’ ratio of 1.575. Please note: “The proportion 440/280 = 11/7 equate to pi/2 to an accuracy of better than 0.05% [corresponding to the well-known approximation of "Pi" as 22/7]. Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion. Verner wrote, ‘We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of “Pi”, in practice they used it’. Petrie, author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, who was the first accurate surveyor of Giza and the excavator and surveyor of the Pyramid of Medium, concluded: ‘but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder’s design’. Earlier in the chapter he wrote more specifically, that: ‘We conclude therefore that the approximation of 7 to 22 as the ratio of diameter to circumference was recognized’. These proportions equated to the four outer faces sloping by 5.843” or 51°50’34”, which would have been understood and expressed by the Ancient Egyptians as a seked slope of 5 1/2 palms.” – The Great Pyramids in Egypt).
- From here we can calculate that 1/56th constitutes the Capstone insofar as height and base concern in that 02.857” x 56 = 5,759.992” or 5,760” (5,760” is the number of inches in the height of the GPG as in 480’ x 12” = 5,760”). Some place the height of the capstone at 103” (Note: In so-called Pyramid Inches).
In that the original height of the GPG was 480 Feet (some
record 480.69’), it is somewhat speculative to arrive at the GPG’s
actual “pyramidion” (i.e., capstone) measurement in length and height in
that weathering and damage to the height has been reduced by nearly
30’; therefore, we have calculated its base and actual height (756’ and
480’) and taken this as a ratio to determine the dimensions of the
pyramidion. Sir Flinders Petrie’s several measurements of the top of
the GPG indicated:“Hence we know the relation of the present top of the core masonry to the base of the Pyramid. The top is, rather strangely, not square, although it is so near to the original apex.” (The Pyramids and Temples of Giza – Flinders Petrie – See #25 of Pyramidion (Top) measurements as well – some say the height of the GPG is between 480’ to 481’ naturally affecting sundry Pyramidion measurements). Sir Petrie’s range of measurements in 1881 and then again in 1882 determined the existing top measurements between 224.5+/-.7” to 214.1+/-.3” (at its present top base) whereas our arbitrary calculation of the GPG’s original pyramidion/capstone to be at a consistent 162” perimeter per edge or 648” perimeter and its elevation based on the 1/56th or 1.575 ratio to be 102.857” height (higher up than Petrie’s base measurements; see below).
Now, I am fully aware of the tedium involved here; however, the Imperial British “inch” so achieved is no small matter and, unfortunately, there are some scoffers who are determined to bash the notion that the “inch” was not around during these ancient times; however, it most certainly was but in other forms which ultimately then and now constitute the very distance as now observed – the least of which is the “beautiful calculation” that irritates the daylights out of the metric folk who for the life of them cannot fathom why the brilliance of the British captured these calculations: How many inches are there in a mile (bizarre request)? Answer: 5280’ = one Statute Mile x 12” = 63,360” = beautiful, isn’t it? How’s that? – Do the math: 6 + 3 + 3 + 6 = “18” which is the Standard of Measurement of the New Jerusalem for when you multiply her 12 cubed-edge perimeter and arrive at 18,000 miles you also arrive at: 18,000 x 5280 = 95,040,000 Linear Feet (which happens to be at apogee the distance between the Earth and the Sun) and x 12” = 1,140,480,000 inches which just happens to be “18” again as in 1 + 1 + 4 + 4 + 8 = 18 which is the Standard Measurement of the New Jerusalem or 63,360 * 18,000 = 1,140,480,000 inches.
I realize that they who surmise the arbitrary nature of the “system of 12” researched and standardized by the British and known as the “Imperial System of Measurement” and consider it quaint and without significance, do so, without historic appreciation for antiquity – and just how “tremendous” is it working with a base of “10” – and I am not bashing metrics…in some aspects it’s great; but, really, is it all that scientific and reasonable to define a meter as: The distance that light emitted by a cesium 133 atom transitioning between the two hyperfine levels of its ground state wherein it will travel as it vibrates exactly 9,192,631,770 / 299,792,458 times? Biblically speaking, the metric system is a disaster! Converting “biblical numbers” to compute with metrics is naught but an exercise in futility … here is where we of the faith community – and for that matter, the general “supernatural community” – must incorporate the wisdom of this world – and before we hear them – allow me the evangelical liberty to squash my critiques who apprise and/or “discern” that I’ve gone off the deep end; wandering about the fields of the occult and Druid mysticism and what have you…brethren, I didn’t put these measurements in Scripture nor acclaim this Altar at the border of Egypt, nor the exceedingly eccentric configurations in John’s Revelation nor Ezekiel’s nigh incomprehensible measurements…. Someone else did, and did so for obvious reasons – reasons which are not the exclusive purview of the occult….
“By linking the English units
[today’s British Imperial Measurements] with those of classical
metrology, it also justifies making the English foot the prime unit of
reference. Modern researchers who accept the fiction that the English
units are of recent origin, and adopt the habit of expressing the values
of the old measures in terms of the newfangled meter, thereby disguise
from themselves the most significant aspects of ancient metrology, its
basis in canonical number. Were it not for that aspect, the business of
establishing the exact values of the old units would be of merely
academic interest. The fact that those units, as here calculated in
English feet, exhibit the same scale of numbers as found in ancient
music and geometry is what makes the system of ancient metrology so
relevant to the study of traditional science.” (The Dimensions of Paradise, John Michell, pp. 114-5).
Alas!
“Who is this that darkeneth
counsel by words without knowledge…Where wast thou when I laid the
foundations of the earth? Declare if thou hast understanding. Who hath
laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest, or who hath stretched the
line upon it? Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened or who laid
the cornerstone thereof?” (Job 38: 2-6).
Exposure of the “Metricksters” is well documented, yet, our “educational systems” continue to languish in error:“In June of 1792 a project was commenced that would have major social, commercial and industrial repercussions for the two centuries that followed. Learned astronomer savants, Jean Baptiste-Joseph Delambre and François-André Méchain commenced a project to measure a curved segment of the Earth’s surface in order to create a whole new measurement system. The idea was to mathematically calculate the distance from the North Pole to the equator on a meridian line that ran through Paris. Delambre worked from the north of France, beginning his survey at Dunkerque, while Méchain worked from the South, commencing his survey in Barcelona, Spain. After 7 difficult years and many privations, including imprisonment in Spain for Méchain and a very real risk of losing his wise head on the guillotine for Delambre, the two met in Carcassonne to compare notes, returning to Paris together as heroes of the day.
“Sometime later, after a thorough analysis of the field notes, a platinum bar was fabricated that became the new metre, representing a ten millionth of the distance from the pole to the equator. Unfortunately it was .02mm short of the mark, which in accruing values represented a major discrepancy.
“Blame for this faux pas is laid on Méchain, who supposedly didn’t add his field note sums up correctly. Delambre is also held ‘culpable’, for realizing there was a mistake, but deciding to let it go unreported to the general public. Well, that’s the story we get anyway, but did these savants really make a mistake or was the outcome deliberate and contrived?
“The ancient universal metrological science, of which the British Imperial Standard is a ‘walking wounded’ remnant survivor, was
based upon the true size of the Earth, the precise cycles of the sun
& moon (producing the best lunisolar calendar system the world has
ever known) and incremental values that worked wonderfully with “PI” for
successful world navigation. The system was so advanced
mathematically that it ‘tamed for use’ the difficult “PHI” formula
(i.e., “Golden Quotient” or Phi = [1 + sqrt(5)] / 2 = 1.6180339887…) and
applied it in many building applications. This old standard was
a brilliant, precise and all encompassing, scientific construct that
addressed every arising calculation need confronted by ancient
civilizations. The system is as relevant today as it
was in antiquity and has never been superseded by anything superior to
it. It is at the very foundation of civilization itself. The
world’s religions, long before they became corrupted by dogma and power
mongery, had a pedigree back to (and were formerly based upon) this
incredible parcel of knowledge.“The metrication incentive could be described along the lines of a wimpish, little boy sent forth to do a strong man’s job! It is to metrology what Esperanto is to languages…It doesn’t make the grade and, in an overall sense, simply wastes everyone’s precious time in a naïve pursuit, which was prematurely initiated in an era lacking the essential scientific capability to achieve a reasonable result.
“The metric system is an incomplete entity or orphan and could not have subsisted by itself in antiquity. The ancient civilizations used the whole range of numbers, from 1 to 13 and increases thereof. They needed progressions in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, as well as PI, PHI and a multitude of fractions. The metric system, most certainly, existed in antiquity, alongside all of the other number systems. The full family of numbers was capable of addressing all contingencies and demands of science and ancient industry. Ancient societies would have viewed it as sheer madness to discard over 90% of the complete system in order to work with only one of the number categories. Using the full system, in individual families of numerical progressions, was the only way of monitoring, calculating and remembering the difficult astronomical cycles or principles of navigation. The Egyptians counted in base 10 and so did everyone else amongst the cousin peoples…but they used ‘6, 7, & 11’ numerical families, etc., (in base 10), as well.
“The metric system was instituted, primarily for the convenience of bankers and bean counters. It’s a nightmare for engineers and anyone else who has to work to refined tolerances. Carpenters can get by with it, as they generally work to visual tolerances that are within the capabilities of metric rulers. Trying to fashion chronology systems on a metric basis is nigh on impossible. We do, however, need the convenience of a metric system, within a wider metrological system, for some limited, decimalized functions.” (Ancient Weights, Volumes and Measurements, Martin O., Auckland, New Zealand, November, 2002)
Egyptian Royal Cubit vs. the Solomonic/Moses Sacred Cubit of 25.20”
An insertion would be appropriate here with an initial introduction to the subject presented by Jacob J. Boaz:“…20.62 inches [See also Tim Lovett’s Cubit References] is presumed to be the standard unit of measure for the Great Pyramid, this is an erroneous figure based on the fact it does not conform to the ancient’s methods, the correct figure for the Royal Egyptian cubit is as an Egyptian Fraction (1+1/2+1/5+1/55 feet) if we are going to be exact. This being equal to 189/110 feet or 20 34/55 inches written as 20.618181818… inches in decimal form. A Royal Egyptian Cubit of 189/110 * 440 gives a base length of 756 feet. To verify this figure for the Royal Egyptian Cubit I used the following logic. The Pyramid perimeter base of (756 * 4) equals 3024 feet. Using the ancient’s circle formula described above produces the following:
(3024 / 176 = 17 2/11 feet (17+ 1/6+1/66 feet) or (206 2/11 inches)
“This dimension equals the width of the Kings Chamber within .004 inch of J. H. Cole’s measured width as noted in his 1925 Survey Paper # 39, dividing by ten verifies the length of the Royal Egyptian cubit to be 20 34/55 inches. By rounding numbers we miss the ancient’s concepts, using fractions eliminates this possibility.” (Great Pyramid Reveals a New Idea, Jacob J. Boaz, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1988-2007, all rights reserved)
The GPG’s most formidable archaeologist/metrology expert, Sir William Flinders Petrie, determined that the GPG was calculated using the “Egyptian Royal Cubit” of measurement of 20.632” (not the 20.618181818…” as per Boaz/Cole above); therefore at the GPG’s base measurement approximates 440 Egyptian Royal Cubits; and, these 440 cubits x 20.632” = 9,078.08” (slightly more than the 756’ x 12” = 9,072 inches, which measurement totals “18” and is significant by most and, most certainly, confers the GPG as that Pillar unto the Lord at the border of Egypt; however, 755’ has also been used to calculate the base by some so that 755.35’ x 12” = 9064.2 inches. Sir Flinders Petrie base measurements are as follows:
Length of Sides:
West: 755.76 feet
North: 755.41 feet
East: 755.87 feet
South: 756.08 feet
However, if the more precise measured Egyptian Royal Cubit is utilized as per Boaz at 20.618181818 in our calculation it would give us: 20.618181818 x 440 Egyptian Royal Cubits (440 as per Petrie, Cole, Boaz) = 9,071.9999999 …which, obviously, is our preference in that 9,071.9+ is virtually 9,072 which equates to the 756’ x 12” = 9,072 inches per the base of the GPG or 440 Egyptian Royal cubits of 20.618181818 = 9,072 inches (as well). We are reminded that the figure of 20.618181818 is somewhat astounding in that the repetition of the “18” is so endlessly pronounced, giving us ample evidence that the GPG’s recourse had in mind the ultimate Standard of the New Jerusalem as its “monumental” effort seemingly conveys.
Likewise, Petrie’s elevation of the GPG stands at 280 Egyptian Royal Cubits or 280 x 20.6” = 5,768 inches; whereas 480’ x 12” = 5760” – however, some calculate the height of the GPG at approximately 480.69’ x 12” = 5,768.28” or nigh the 280 Egyptian Royal Cubit height of 5,768” (Note: 20.618181818”+ * 280 Egyptian Royal Cubits = 5,773.091 inches or 481.091 feet.). Due to the GPG’s exposure to the elements of weather and earth’s instability, and our data derived from sundry ratios aforementioned – and nigh the measurements of perhaps the world’s foremost archaeologist, Sir W. F. Petrie – we are altogether confident that those who built the GPG had these ratios (1:575) in mind for base and height; therefore, the height was 480” and the base side was 9,072 Linear Inches. The GPG Capstone bears out these ratios and is 162” (base) by 102.857” (height), maintaining the ratio of 1:575, as well as the 1/56th of the GPG overall size. (Please also see in this article: Ezekiel’s Millenarian Altar – Ezekiel clarifies the 25.20” Sacred Cubit.)
The measurements completed in 1926 by J. H. Cole on behalf of the Egyptian government on the GPG have recovered, as Michell suggests, “the measures used by its builders.”
“Cole
reported that the average length at the base of each of the Pyramid’s
four sides was 755.785 feet. This is within about 2 1/2 inches of the
length evidently intended, 756 feet, which is equal to 500 cubits of
1,512 feet [i.e., 756’/500 Egyptian Cubits = 1.512’ x 12” =
18.144” (Egyptian Royal Cubit)] x 500 cubits = 9,072” (which is 756’ x
12” = 9,072”)]. A cubit of this length (i.e. 18.144”) has been
identified from the measurements of other ancient monuments and is
generally accepted by metrologists. It is the unit referred to by Agatharchides
who wrote that the side of the Pyramid measured 500 cubits. The
corresponding foot (two-thirds of a cubit) is equal to 1.008 feet (i.e.,
2/3rds of 1.512 feet = 1.008 feet with .504’ as 1/3rd) (Dimensions of Paradise, John Michell, p. 106).Of immediate fascination to this author is the somewhat astounding “number sets” recognizable in the 500 Egyptian Royal Cubit calculation of 18.144” (length) or the 1.512’ of the same wherein the “18” of the New Jerusalem is glaringly revealed, as well as the “144” or Wall of the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:16-17) and, of course, the 1.512’ as two 756’ base edges of the GPG and the number set 1512 as the Greek Gematria for the word Apocalypsis – all three of these are revealed in the Egyptian Royal Cubit and clearly demonstrate its “properties” are in sync with the Hebrew Cubit of 25.20” wherein 756’ x 4 (base edges) = 3,024’ (or two sets of 1512’) x 12” = 36,288” / 25.20” = 1,440 Hebrew Cubits or the 144 of the Wall of the New Jerusalem and, as seen in the 18.144” Egyptian Royal Cubit wherein the “144” is clearly seen and the “18” (again) of the overall New Jerusalem Standard of Measurement; likewise, we see “parallels” in this: 756’ x 4 = 3,024’ x 3 (cubed 12-edged GPG) = 9,072’ and 18.144” (Egyptian Royal Cubit) x 500 (such cubits) = 9,072” (the one-edged base of the GPG @ 756’ * 12” = 9,072”) – therefore, as a “number set” the 9,072 12-edged/cubed GPG is equal to the 500 cubit (18.144”) base side of the GPG or 1 edge.
Likewise, we see the Egyptian Royal Cubit manifested here:
“The dimensions given allowed the Great Pyramid’s coding to be read according to a combined ‘6 & 7’ series of numbers (e.g., 11/7), founded upon the value 42. As will be demonstrated, the known length standards of all ancient cousin civilizations of the Mediterranean Basin will perfectly fit into these dimensions. These include: a Greek mile of 5250 feet, a stadia of 630 feet, a short stadia of 525 feet, a reed of 10.5 feet, an Assyrian Royal Cubit of 25.2 inches, a Hebrew/ Celtic Royal Cubit of 21 inches, an Egyptian Royal Cubit of 20.61818182-inches, Hebrew cubits of 17.5 & 16.8 inches, Greek feet of 12.6 inches, Roman feet of 11.666666 and 11.664 inches, etc. Areas would be read in pyramid acres of 28800 square feet (ref. Herodotus).” (Ancient Weights, Volumes and Measurements)
Therefore,
the 20.6181818+ * 440 (Egyptian Royal Cubits as per Petrie) = 9,072”
(or 756’ x 12” = 9,072”); whereas, the 500 cubits as per Agatharchides @
18.144” = 9,072” is likewise “permissible” and exceedingly accurate.
Consequently, the Egypt Cubit (short cubit) of 18.144” – indeed, the
length of the GPG’s base of 756’ or x 12” = 9,072 inches can be extended
to “two base sides” as per 2 x 9,072” = 18,144” (or four base square
sides as in 18,144” x 2 = 36,288” the base perimeter of the GPG). Naturally, 18.144” is 1/500th of its 500-cubit base as Agatharchides suggests. Getting back to the “missing capstone” (i.e., the “pyramidion”) – from a theological perspective – it is determined that the “stone (or “capstone”) which the builders rejected (i.e., Jesus) the same has become the chief cornerstone (or the capstone itself)” (Matthew 21.42; Mark 12:10; Luke 20:17; I Peter 2:7). Likewise, the Second Advent will mark the fulfillment of the adumbrative language found in Zechariah 4:7-10 wherein it states: “And he shall bring forth the capstone with shouts of ‘Grace, grace to it!’”
The first historical mentioning of the missing capstone was made by Diodorus Siculus around 100 B.C. who did not mention the peculiarity of its absence; therefore, it has been surmised that the pyramid is “thought to have always been absent its capstone.”
The Amazing Capstone Measurements
The graphic below was
especially prepared to highlight the “Altar unto the LORD in the land of
Egypt” on that prophetic day not many days hence. The turmoil in the
Middle East is, nevertheless, fraught with promise in that the prophecy
found in Isaiah, yet unfulfilled, will one day find glorious expression
in the most unlikely location, and upon its very capstone.
Click to enlargeThe calculations are impressive – in that they persistently attest to the measurements of the New Jerusalem – just as the entire GPG attests.
- The perimeter of the base of the Capstone = 162” x 4 = 648” = 18 NJS (as in 6 + 4 + 8 = 18)
- The Capstone’s base length of 162” x 162” is a perfect square at its base whose sq. in. calculations produce a product of 26,244 sq. inches or “18” as in 2 + 6 + 2 + 4 = 18.
- If the base measurement is used as one edge of a “cubed capstone” we will arrive at this calculation: 162” x 12 = 1944 Linear Inches = 18 (as in 1 + 9 + 4 + 4 = 18 = the Standard Measurement of the New Jerusalem’s “18”)
- The 26,244 sq. inches at the base of the capstone x 6 cubed sides = 157,484 sq. inches / 144 (the Wall of the New Jerusalem) = 1,093.5 = “18” (as in 1 + 9 + 3 + 5 = 18)
- The capacity/volume of the “cubed capstone” = 162” x 162” x 162” = 4,251,528 cubic inches = “27” which attests to the full revelation of the Messiah in Christian Sacred Canon, 27 Volumes; therefore, the “fullness” of the Capstone is the Messiah, the Deliverer.
- The Circumference of a circle – using the height of the Capstone as the circle’s radius is found by the formula:
- The height of the Capstone @ 102.857 is 1/56th the height of the 480’ GPG or 480’ x 12” = 5,760” / 56 = 102.857
- The 162” base edge of the Capstone is 1/56th of the 756’ Linear edge base of the GPG or 756’ x 12” = 9072” / 56 = 162”
- The perimeter of the Capstone @ 162” x 4 = 648” is 1/56th of the entire base perimeter of the GPG or 9072” x 4 = 36,288 / 1/56th = 648” = “18” (6 + 4 + 8 = 18) New Jerusalem Standard.
- The Number “9” is comprised of the Triune God “3” and man “6” (3 + 6 = 9) and 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 = 362,880 or 36,288 is a fractal of 362,880 and both equal to “27” – the revelation of Messiah in the 27 volumes of Sacred Christian Canon.
- 362,880 x 10 x 11 x 12 x 13 x 14 x 15 x 16 x 17 x 18 = 6,402,373,705,728,000 = 6 + 4 + 2 + 3 + 7 + 3 + 7 + 5 + 7 + 2 + 8 = 54 = 5 + 4 = 9 or 5040 is the Optimal Number of Plato / 2 = 2520 which is the measurement of the Sacred Cubit or 25.20”
- Note: All number/number sets when multiplied by 25.20” will have a product whose “digit sum” is equal to “9” – reflecting the universality of God + man wherein the Eternal Triune God’s (3) desires fellowship/relationship for eternity with Man (6) – for example, choose any number 1 to 1,000,000+ and multiply it by 25.20 and the result will be a product whose sum of its digits is equal to “9” – 47092084093990 x 25.20 = 1,186,720,519,168,548 = 72 = 7 + 2 = 9 (simply add all the digits and the answer will always be “9”)
- All increments of “9” will result in a multiplicand which can also produce a product of “9” as the sum of its product digits – e.g., 9 + 9 = 18 x 386278 = 6,953,004 = 6 + 9 + 5 + 3 + 4 = 27 = 2 + 7 = 9…or 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 45 and 45 x 2870427772 = 12,934,249,740 = 45 = 4 + 5 = 9.
- A “cubed Capstone/Pyramidion” (using its one base edge as the primary edge) = 12 x 162” = 1,944” and 1,944” (cubed Capstone’s 12 edges) is 1/56th of the entire cubed GPG using its 9072” one edge x 12 = 108,864” (which is a reflection of the Moon’s Radius of 1080 miles and the Sun’s Diameter of 864,000 miles and 108,864 is most probably the Number of the Sum of the World Soul (Plato) = also, 108,864 totals “27” (as in 1 + 8 + 8 + 6 + 4 = 27) and 27 is the full revelation of Messiah in Christian Sacred Text (27 volumes) and it “appears” as 108 = 18 and 864 = 18 or two sets of “18” (the New Jerusalem Standard) and 18 + 18 = 36 which is the expression of the Eternal God, without Beginning or Ending (as a circle) and 108,864” / 56 = 1,944” which is equal to the twelve-edged cubed Capstone, and, 1,944 = “18” New Jerusalem Standard of Measurement (as in 1 + 9 + 4 + 4 = 18).
- Note: The discovery of the sum number of the World Soul has troubled scholars for centuries since Plato proposed it – normally, 34 to 36 “number sets” have been chosen whose total sum and matrix, Plato believed, would be the only possible instrument of fair, humane government; such a ruler would have the benefit of a constant mathematical standard as guide and reference in all things. We at the Tribnet concur with the concept; however, we affirm that such a constellation of number sets and their sum is found in the New Jerusalem Matrix – that constellation of number sets whose total reflects the perfection of harmony and relationship so anxiously sought after by worldlings but glaringly presented in the apex of the Apocalypse: the New Jerusalem…and substantiated by the Sacred Cubit measurement of 25.20”, as well as confirmed by “33” (Messiah’s climactic number of death, resurrection and ascension) and by the ultimate Standard of Measurement within the New Jerusalem itself, 18, which when its digits are summed, total “9” (1 + 8 = 9), a number, as is 25.20, presents maximum versatility and, consequently, is representative of the Triune God (3) + Creation/Man (6), depicting the Almighty’s quest for eternal relationship (viz. the Lamb’s Bride).
- The Cubed side of the Capstone = 162” x 162” = 26,244 sq. inches x 6 sides = 157,464 = 27 (Messiah in the 27 Volumes of the Christian Sacred Canon) / 144 (the Wall of the New Jerusalem) = 1,093.5 = “18” New Jerusalem Standard of Measurement.
- The base perimeter of the GPG in inches is 9072” and 9072” x 9072” = 82,301,184 sq. inches (also “27” – the area measurement of the base of the GPG) x 6 (cubed GPG) = 493,807,104 (digits add to “36” the eternal God without Beginning or Ending) / 144 = 3,429,216 = “27” (Messiah revealed in Christian Sacred Canon)
- Therefore, from the Capstone to the Base of the GPG the Eternal God (36) is working through the Son (27) to produce the New Jerusalem (18).
Our
conclusion to these “Capstone Measurements” is obvious and forthright –
the Capstone reflects the ultimate New Jerusalem as the expression, as
well, of ultimate reconciliation, unity and peace among peoples – for:
“In that day Israel will be one of
three with Egypt and Assyria – a blessing in the midst of the land, whom
the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, ‘Blessed is Egypt My people, and
Assyria the work of My hands, and Israel My inheritance” (Isaiah 19:24-25).
The interior of the GPG is covered in the first part of this special series in The Purposes of God – Video #13 and #14 on the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Their measurements become increasingly clear, even to the most
skeptical among us, that these interior galleries and passageways with
their peculiar ascending and descending structures go far beyond a
superficial tomb for an unknown Pharaoh – the GPG is a “step pyramid”
having no cultural link to the Egyptians, for the Shepherd Kings built
to masterpiece of antiquity…the world’s most massive artifact of history
past. They were purposefully designed by builders motivated to declare
their dimensions reflect the eternal purpose of the Almighty for
humankind – as an irrevocable monument – Pillar to the Lord at Egypt’s
border – as the supreme witness to His undertaking upon this Earth,
declared to the heavens, that God and the pinnacle of His creation, man,
would, through Divine Deliverance – Sacrifice – be united in eternal
fellowship, known as the Holy City, New Jerusalem, descending from
heaven as a Bride, the Woman, the Wife of the Lamb … for she has made
herself ready for the Marriage Feast of the Lamb!Secrets of the Giza Pyramids
Secrets of the Giza Pyramids
by Charles Marcello
Everyone knows we live within a three dimensional universe, and
that time equals the fourth dimension. While at the same time just about
everyone has heard of E=MC2 …the thing is, the Pyramids of Giza has both of those truths intertwined within their legends and their physical makeup. What is a four sided pyramid? The quick smart-aleck answer is, it’s a four sided pyramid. While the other answer equals, a four sided pyramid is one sixth of a cube, or a box, or a perhaps the misunderstood science called a cubit.
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If that is true… and it is mathematically true… then what are those
pyramids trying to say? Well, Graham Hancock and Robert Duval were able
to answer some of those questions… I believe in their quest to be unique
they still wanted to be accepted by mainstream Egyptologist, so they
only allowed their uniqueness to go so far. I on the other hand don’t
care if someone calls me a liar, or if someone else is annoyed I used
the bible to make point, or any other derogatory names people can
invent. I didn’t start this journey worried about how others were going
to receive the truth. All I demanded was the truth. All I continually
search for is the truth.
Over a decade ago I discovered a three dimensional mathematical concept that I broke all the down into a simple sixth grade mathematical formula… so anyone who wanted to learn, could. Because I already had that experience, when I started to break down 144,000 and 666
at first I thought it was simple understanding… until I had a dream
about the number 6… then I knew an extremely advanced civilization hid
that science in those numbers and that they lived in our very distant
past, because those two numbers exist all over the ancient world. So I
began a journey of re-reading the Bible with a brand new appreciation.
When I discovered December 3, 2012 does in fact match the Pyramids of Giza layout,
I tried to give it away. Seriously, for two weeks I told people… hey go
check this out. No one would… so I then created a simple video and
posted it online, and then went, now look… and still no one wanted to do
the work. I let this discovery sit for almost a year, and still no one
took it! I was like… damn it! I do not want this… But there truly was no
one else. So I accepted my fate and dove into this project head first.
The math is completely undeniable. Even though the math always made
sense and was always correct, I was not sure until I found this alchemical symbol (below)…This picture (squaring the circle) told me that what I accidentally discovered over a decade ago was in fact true.
At the bottom of this post you will find compass method
of drawing perfectly this alchemical symbol.
I still thought it was simply a game because it argued against everything the world told me I should believe. To then find the same answers within 144,000 and 666… it totally blew me away. So
when I decided to see what else the pyramids were actually trying to
say… once I understood what Graham Hancock and Robert Duval had
discovered… I instantly knew they didn’t go far enough. Its not their
fault, and I can honestly say without their research I never would have
put two and two together. They deserve all the credit for this find.
While Maurice Cotterell deserves all the credit for helping me to unlock
the truth about our spiritual reality.of drawing perfectly this alchemical symbol.
Those pyramids are in fact demanding our truly ancient ancestors flew in space…
make no mistake, anyone who tells you different, after sitting down and
doing math, is either dishonest or purposely ignorant. They’re being
purposely ignorant because they refuse to do the math while desperately
holding onto an outdated belief… or they’re being dishonest because they
desperately want YOU to hold onto that outdated belief. A four sided pyramid is in fact 1/6 of a cube. The question becomes what are they trying to tell us with those pyramids?
The first is the Great Pyramid. They are telling us they understood our reality is three dimensional and that is exactly how they saw their/our reality. If you use the mathematics as described by Graham Hancock and instead of using the Earth, use the Sun. Understand The Great Pyramid is explaining two things. One, use the Great Pyramid as 1/6 the true dimensional volume of our Sun… Then use the apex of that pyramid as the volume of our Sun. What does the rest of the pyramid teach?
The first is the Great Pyramid. They are telling us they understood our reality is three dimensional and that is exactly how they saw their/our reality. If you use the mathematics as described by Graham Hancock and instead of using the Earth, use the Sun. Understand The Great Pyramid is explaining two things. One, use the Great Pyramid as 1/6 the true dimensional volume of our Sun… Then use the apex of that pyramid as the volume of our Sun. What does the rest of the pyramid teach?
- – - – - – - – -
The summary of the selected main mean dimensions of the Great Pyramid (Khufu):| dimension | b. inch | m | royal cub. | palm | digit |
| base | 9068.8 | 230.35 | 440 | 3,080 | 12,320 |
| height | 5776 | 146.71 | 280 | 1,960 | 7,840 |
| sum | 720 | 5,040 | 20,160 | ||
| slope | 7343.2 | 186.52 | 356 | 2,492 | 9,968 |
| edge | 8630.4 | 219.21 | 418 | 2,926 | 11,704 |
Volume of the Great Pyramid:
Volume of the Pyramid =h*B/3 (Here h is the height of the Pyramid, B is the area of the base)
=(1/3)*146.71*(230.35*230.35) cu. meters = 2,594,865.6 cubic meters (18,069,333 cubic royal cubits or 91,636,814 cubic feet)
=(1/3)*146.71*(230.35*230.35) cu. meters = 2,594,865.6 cubic meters (18,069,333 cubic royal cubits or 91,636,814 cubic feet)
Khafre
Base: 214.5 m (704 ft) on each side
Height: 143.5 m (471 ft) tall
Angle of Incline: 53 degrees 7′ 48″
Base: 214.5 m (704 ft) on each side
Height: 143.5 m (471 ft) tall
Angle of Incline: 53 degrees 7′ 48″
Volume: 2,200,603.543 cubic meters
Menkaure
Base: 110 m (345.5 ft) on each side
Height: 68.8 m (216 ft) tall
Angle of Incline: 51.3 degrees
Volume: 277,465.584 cubic meters
Base: 110 m (345.5 ft) on each side
Height: 68.8 m (216 ft) tall
Angle of Incline: 51.3 degrees
Volume: 277,465.584 cubic meters
Interesting relationship between volumes of the 1st (Khufu) and the 2nd (Khafre) pyramid:
If volume of the Great Pyramid (Khufu) is equal 1, volume of the
Khafre’s pyramid (to the scale) is 0.848. If volume of Earth is equal 1,
volume of Venus (to the same scale) is 0.857. …In other words, both volume relationships are different by just 1% (1.01056).
Subject Related Resources
(cut and paste as URL address these links below):- http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/pyramid-alignment.html
- http://www.ronaldbirdsall.com/gizeh/petrie/index.htm
- http://www.crystalinks.com/gpstats.html
- http://www.catchpenny.org/pyramid.html
- – - – - – - – -
With the Second pyramid they are trying to teach us they understood how our solar system works. Time is not the axial rotation of our planet,
no matter how hard religious influenced scientist try to force that
geocentric outdated ignorance onto man. Make no mistake it is being
forced onto our world by a religious institution. This same religious
institution once made the world believe it was flat and the universe
revolved around our planet… now they have our world believing the
universe is flat and time revolves around the individual. Sorry I have
to be the one to expose that as pure nonsense, but those pyramids, and
your bible by the way, proves it! For you see the creators of those pyramids not only understood three dimensional volume, they also understood the secret of time… ie… the Star of David… more on that in a few minutes. Because what the second pyramid demands is, they understood that time in our solar system is measured by the elliptic rotation of our Sun around the center of our Galaxy.
Yet even that is just the beginning… because when you T-Cubic meter
time you realize they also understood the truth about our spiritual
reality.
While the third pyramid is teaching us the truth about light! Light
is simply the by-product of matter, regardless of how fast matter moves
light always leaves matter at a constant. That is one of truths the
legends about the EYE in the center of a pyramid is teaching. The other
is how to truthfully view our reality… as if a god looking back down
upon creation… while the third truth is how to create unlimited Energy.
You do this by capturing Light. If E=MC2, then captured C equals Me… or stated another way… the creators of those pyramids knew the secret to Hawkings Radiation.
I would give you the math but I could post it day long and haters
will not believe it and simply try to tear me down. So instead I demand
you do it yourself. I’m giving this all away, I’m not asking you for
anything other then spend one hour doing the math.
Here’s where it gets interesting… they are also telling us they understood how our universe actually works. They broke our reality down into what I call M-Cubic or T-Cubic Meters. Where you create a homogenous box/cubic (meaning all six sides are exactly the same), and then your break them down using M-Cubic or T-Cubic Meters. Here is a visual representation…
Here’s where it gets interesting… they are also telling us they understood how our universe actually works. They broke our reality down into what I call M-Cubic or T-Cubic Meters. Where you create a homogenous box/cubic (meaning all six sides are exactly the same), and then your break them down using M-Cubic or T-Cubic Meters. Here is a visual representation…
That picture is there simply to get your mind wrapped around this concept… so you will understand those pyramids are telling you how many times you need to m-cubic meter our reality in order to discover the real truth of our existence.
Now I’m going to skip way ahead and give you the answer, and then demand you find out for yourself if its true or not.
The Star of David is not only talking about the beauty of God, its
also telling us everything we need to do mathematically in order to
understand our true reality.
Space is comprised of both the extremely small all the way to the extremely large dimensions, ie… from the lowest of dimensions to the instant vastness of space. While Time is just the opposite. In order to prove this, you need to T-Cubic meter time until you stop light from one atom to another… and then you need to invert that answer and stretch it across the universe. Where time throughout the vastness of space happens instantly… From there time begins to slow down as you T-Cubic meter downward, until it either appears to stop or does in fact stop. Space and Time are uniform inside their respective dimensions only. In our reality time moves at the same speed whether you’re experiencing velocity here on Earth or on Mars, Mercury, Venus or Saturn or on the other side of our galaxy… you can prove that is true by M-Cubic Metering each planet… You will discover mathematically they all come together at a certain dimension. You now have the measuring stick for time. That is what the Star of David is actually trying to teach us when it comes to the majesty of our Reality and God. It truly is beautiful!
Earlier I said if you capture light you can then convert it over to energy. That is true… there will be many new ways for mankind to discover how to do so over the next several years, that is… if we survive the transition some cultures have prophesized/warned us about… before we all die this how I suggest you should start.
Create a little sphere that allows light in but does not allow light to escape. Inside this little sphere you want to add mercury, with trace amounts of silver and gold… while at the same time you want to add into this little sphere a gas that gets hotter and hotter the more it is compressed. This glass like object must be able to expand and contract ever so slightly. Then create a second larger sphere that will hold the first sphere. Allow this sphere to capture light, yet not allow it to escape as well. Inside this sphere you want to add a gas that becomes colder as the gas is compressed. I believe magnets need to be used as well. But that’s as far as I’m going to take this new power device. This is important… before you create this device make sure you have a way to measure the energy being created inside, while at the same time, make sure you are able to open this device quickly. If I’m understanding the hidden science within ancient texts correctly, if you don’t have a way to drain the energy it will kill you.
We are ONE
If you do the math and open your eyes to our true reality
you will see the beauty of our existence in a way you’ve never noticed
it before. Once you do see the truth of our reality, you will realize we
are all One. And the saying, “From one many, from many one,”
you will understand truly equals the only way we can save ourselves from
ourselves… We Must Re-Learn this simple truth… we are all ONE regardless of race, color or creed… we are all One Spiritually, we all live in one house/planet… YES
each of us has the right to choose our own path. Its your life, live
it… yet in order to save ourselves from ourselves we must have a solid
base from which to rebuild our reality upon. Our world is broken, and it
is cracking at the seems, just like prophecy said it would… Please open
your eyes. Can We Learn To Love Like God.
If each us takes responsibility for everyone else’s sins what could you justify? What could you justify knowing your loved ones are begging God to be held responsible for everything you do? What could any of us get away with then? History
demands humans are capable of the most atrocious crimes if they believe
one of two things… if they believe they can get away with it, or if WE
know we won’t be punished for it. The twentieth century has
taught that lesson well. From Hitler to Stalin etc etc… If the children
of yesterday prayed to God every night to be held responsible for their
parents sins, do any of you believe the fires of the holocaust would
have been lit? Or that the bricks would’ve been laid for the prisons of
the USSR? What would our world be like right now if our children
prayed every night to be held responsible for our sins… would we stop
throwing away their future for our own personal greed?
If each us takes responsibility for everyone else’s sins what could you justify? What could you justify knowing your loved ones are begging God to be held responsible for everything you do? What could any of us get away with then? History
demands humans are capable of the most atrocious crimes if they believe
one of two things… if they believe they can get away with it, or if WE
know we won’t be punished for it. The twentieth century has
taught that lesson well. From Hitler to Stalin etc etc… If the children
of yesterday prayed to God every night to be held responsible for their
parents sins, do any of you believe the fires of the holocaust would
have been lit? Or that the bricks would’ve been laid for the prisons of
the USSR? What would our world be like right now if our children
prayed every night to be held responsible for our sins… would we stop
throwing away their future for our own personal greed?
Whether we as the Only One Race/The Human Race… like it or not, we
only have two choices… If our world discovers this science before we
learn we are in fact One, and only as One can we save ourselves from
ourselves… if we refuse to learn that simple lesson we will kill
ourselves… make no mistake history is repeating itself right before our
eyes. Just look at the European Unions Headquarters as one shocking
example… they took an artist rendition of the tower of Babel and then
created their Union Headquarters from that rendition.
If that’s not telling you how close we are to killing ourselves,
from receiving our own judgment for our own iniquities… because of the
evil we accept as truth and force ourselves to slave under… if the world
continues to deny the simple truth we are all One Spiritually… then we
are doomed… if you believe the one has nothing to do with the other,
then nothing will save you from yourself, nothing!
Well, that’s it. You now have it all! You can accept, deny, embrace
or throw away everything I’ve said, the choice is yours. Whatever you
decide, I hope you enjoy this ride, this wonderful miracle we call life.
–Charles Marcello
Additional Material (on this page):
- PS 2: World’s Knowledge in a single Monument
- PS 1: Pyramids and the Solar System
- PS 3: Drawing the Alchemical Symbol
PS 1: World’s Knowledge in a single Monument
by Charles MarcelloHow would you put all of our worlds knowledge into a single monument… and I do mean all our science, all our understanding of our solar system, and our technology? Below is a scenario Ive asked people on another forum to think about before they even begin to search for hidden knowledge.
The scenario…
Its December 21, 2012 and you’re one of those people who aint worried about something happening. So you and your significant other decide to go to a Christmas Choral down at the park. The people on stage or singing Silent Night when you hear a sound off in the distance… You think nothing of it.
A few seconds later you notice that sound is louder. A few more seconds and it sounds like an airplane and a freight train roaring down upon you at the same time. The next thing you know your significant other has a frightened look, you turn to see, but you never make it.
The next thing you know you’re waking up in a valley, and as you look around you see nothing but destruction in every direction. You also notice several children wondering around, plus a few adults. You start checking to see if the children and all the other adults are okay. All of you gather in one area. After three days and zero help, and with no other survivors being seen, you decide, its either get busy living or get busy dieing.
The children ages are between 8 and 3 years. The adults are all over twenty, and then there’s you.
Because its winter you realize you need to find or create shelter. You don’t recognize the area, so you’re not sure which way you should go. So you suggest two adults stay behind with the children, and each group should walk for three hours one going east, the others west, north and south.
Several hours later one of the groups finds a cave that will house all of you. For the remainder of the day you and the adults decide to gather wood.
After three days of zero food and water, the children are cranky, scared and hungry. Two adults always stay behind, while the 8 other adult survivors go out to find food, water and wood. Because all you have are the clothes on your backs… you understand you are right back in the stone ages. You and other adults start to fashion weapons to hunt with. Some how only 2 adults die and thankfully you only lose 10 children to hunger and sickness within the first three months. You’re down to 8 adults and 90 children.
For the next three years you and the adults work furiously to garden and hunt for food and clothes for the coming winters. You and the other adults are up at dawn and doing back breaking work until sunset… your only motivation is you understand you and your small band might be all that’s left of humanity. You don’t talk all that much about what has been lost, the pain of it is just to great. Thankfully some of the children are old enough to help with some of the chores now. Then it hits. In one year you lose all of the adults and thirty children. And now you have the same symptoms that killed all the others… and that’s when the deeper reality hits you. Because you and all the other adults were to busy with survival, neither you or the other adults taught the children how to read, math, world history or science. Because you’re the last adult, how would
you go about explaining to illiterate children all that you know? Would you sit them all down, or would you pick the smartest one or two within the group? Would you explain to the others, these two have extremely important information that they must be allowed to learn, so they can also learn how to pass it forward? Would you use figurines to help explain the science to those children, like birds, snakes, simple designs of the night sky, ect… etc…? How would you do it? How would you pass all you know forward? Would you explain it with God being the main figure? Or would you want to be as matter a fact as possible, yet trying to explain it in such a way, that its entertaining enough so these children would feel compelled to pass it forward? There is no way you could know how long its going to take for humanity to reach the same level of technology we currently enjoy.
How would you tell the story that some advanced culture in the future will be able to see your science, math, history for what it is? How would you explain it to children and how would you place advanced knowledge within the stories?
I would ask all who are actually interested in understanding what I believe I’ve discovered… I would ask you spend a little bit of time thinking about that… and then allow your mind to understand, that over time, as our ancestors move further and further away from our time, your stories will become boring, and harder to relate to or even understand… does it seem so far fetched some future “priest” would decide to spice it up a bit. To glorify his position even more? How would you find the science, math, history in your own story? Now re-read the first five books of the bible… If you do this mental exercise, do you see any similarities within your own story?
When those pyramids were built, they knew when the secrets were unlocked, they wouldn’t have to have everything just so. That just needed to show they knew this, that, those things and some of those… would you really over build something just so everything is one two three… or would you not insult your future generations intelligence? Let alone glorify your own ignorance. Science has closed the patent door to concepts we reject, just like our ancestors did in the 19th century. Open your.mind by trying to describe your knowledge to a two year old like the whole future of mankind depended in it. Then relook at all our ancient monuments and ancient religious texts.
–Charles Marcello
PS 2: Pyramids and the Solar System
by Editor in ChiefMax Toth in his book Pyramid states how many interpreted the various dimensions of the Great Pyramid. It reads: “…pyramidologists believe that the Pyramid in all its symbolism, represents the laws of the universe expressed geometrically (p. 189).” This cannot be denied if history is correct about when men acquired certain knowledge. The dimensions of the Great Pyramid will show its purpose and plan in the design. Space is not available to list all these correlation’s, but a few of the most important and the simplest to understand will be provided. Here are some of the dimensions and their correlation to astronomical calculations.
The base unit of measurement in the Pyramid’s is 25.052 inches. The Pryamid’s inch is 1.0025 of our regular inch. Each side of its base is 365.2422 cubits, which is the exact number of days in a solar year. Now 365.24 cubits occur five or six times somewhere within the pyramid that shows it was not a coincidence.
- The Pyramid’s perimeter ( the distance around the four sides of the base) correlates with the circumference of the earth.
- According to Professor Piazzi Smyth, multiplying the height of the Pyramid’s 35th layer by 10 derives the distance of the earth from the sun.
- The base unit of measurement used by the Pyramid designer is ten-millionth of the earth’s polar radius, according Peter Lemeisuier.
Simply put it is one ten millionth the distance from the North Pole to equator. - The number of days in a century (100 years) is 36,524 days and corresponds to the total inches valued in the Pyramid’s perimeter.
- The number Pi is the mathematical constant 3.1415, with the ratio of the diameter to the distance around the circle, called the circumference. In the pyramid it is the ratio of the height to twice the length of the base.
- The Great Pyramid is a scale model of the Earth at a ratio of 1 : 43,200.
- The Great Pyramid has perfect geometric relationships.
- It contains a complete astronomical catalog of our solar system.
It contains, in its various ratios and dimensions, the quantum physics of light.
The Great Pyramid’s height is in relationship to its base sides as a circles’ radius is to its circumference ( 1/2 Pi ). - We can’t help but be surprised and amazed to see that the Great pyramid corresponds so precisely to the earth: When we use the regular height of the pyramid (146.7m), it reveals the earth as a perfect sphere with only the equator radius, and when we use the minimum height of the pyramid (146.2m), it reveals the real earth with equator and polar radius.
The Sun – Important Numbers
The Sun:Mean diameter 1.392×106 km (109 × Earth )
Equatorial radius 6.955×105 km (109 × Earth )
Equatorial circumference 4.379×106 km (109 × Earth )
Illustration showing relative sizes of the planets compared to the sun
- The Sun has a diameter of about 1,392,000 km, about 109 times that of Earth, and its mass (about 2×1030 kilograms, 330,000 times that of Earth) accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.
- The maximum distance of the Sun from the Earth (aphelion) is approximately 152 million kilometers, about 109 times that of the Sun’s diameter.
- On September 18-19 the distance of the Sun from Earth is approximately 150.336 million km, about 108 times that of the Sun’s diameter (or 216 times of the Sun’s Radius)
216=63 , also 216=23 x 33 - The mean distance of the Sun from the Earth is approximately 149.6 million kilometers (1 AU). At this average distance, light travels from the Sun to Earth in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds (499 seconds).
- Mean distance from Milky Way core ~2.5×1017 km or 26,000 light-years
- Galactic period (2.25–2.50)×108 a
- Velocity:
~220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Galaxy)
~20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood)
~370 km/s (relative to the cosmic microwave background)
| Rank | Name | Volume (cubic km) |
| 1 | Sun | 1.41200 x 1016 |
| 2 | Jupiter | 1.43128 x 1015 |
| 3 | Saturn | 8.27130 x 1014 |
| 4 | Uranus | 6.83300 x 1013 |
| 5 | Neptune | 6.25400 x 1013 |
| 6 | Earth | 1.08321 x 1012 |
| 7 | Venus | 9.28430 x 1011 |
| 8 | Mars | 1.63180 x 1011 |
| 9 | Mercury | 6.08300 x 1010 |
| 10 | Moon | 2.19580 x 1010 |
| 11 | Pluto | 7.150000 x 109 |
Solar System – Planets
Earth (outer circle), Venus (middle), and Mercury (inner circle) – to scale
Satellite image of the pyramids near
Giza with overlay of Earth, Venus and Mercury (scaled down by the same
factor). Although it is not a perfect match, similarity in size is
puzzling.Click to enlarge.
Interesting relationship between volumes of the 1st (Khufu) and the 2nd (Khafre) pyramid:
If volume of the Great Pyramid (Khufu) is equal 1, volume of the
Khafre’s pyramid (to the scale) is 0.848. If volume of Earth is equal 1,
volume of Venus (to the same scale) is 0.857. …In other words, both volume relationships are different by just 1% (1.01056).Speed of Light
Exact valuesMetres per second 299,792,458
Planck units 1
Approximate values
kilometres per second 300,000
kilometres per hour 1,079 million
miles per second 186,000
miles per hour 671 million
astronomical units per day 173
Approximate light signal travel times
Distance Time
one foot 1.0 ns
one metre 3.3 ns
one kilometre 3.3 ?s
one statute mile 5.4 ?s
from geostationary orbit to Earth 119 ms
the length of Earth’s equator 134 ms
from Moon to Earth 1.3 s
from Sun to Earth (1 AU) 8.3 min
one parsec 3.26 years
from Proxima Centauri to Earth 4.24 years
from Alpha Centauri to Earth 4.37 years
from the nearest galaxy (the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy) to Earth 25,000 years
across the Milky Way 100,000 years
PS 3: Drawing the Alchemical Symbol
by Editor in ChiefHow to draw perfectly this alchemical symbol – Compass Method
Note: Click on any of the images below to see them in full size
1. Draw 2 points (dots) A and B and connect them with a straight line: 
2. From each point (A and B) draw a circle with radius AB. Mark 2 points where
both circles intersect and connect them with a straight line:
both circles intersect and connect them with a straight line:
3.Mark point C where both lines intersect and draw a circle from point C with radius = AC = BC. This will be the inner circle of the symbol:
4. Find 4 corners of the square DEFG around the circle by drawing 4 circles as shown below:
5. Draw perfect square around the circle connecting with straight lines its corners DEFG
6.Draw small equilateral triangle on top of the square;find its top corner H by drawing 2 circles with radius = side of the square DE:
7. Draw straight lines through points HD, HE, and FG, mark points I and J where these lines intersect. These are corners of the large equilateral triangle HJI:
8. Draw arcs from points H and J. Mark point K where both intersect.Connect points K and I to find the center L of the big circle:
9. Draw big circle with the center L and its radius = LH
10. Remove the “construction” lines to see the perfect symbol:
In the Egyptian temple of Hathor at Dendera, several dozens of kilometers
north of Luxor, there are reliefs interpreted by some “experts” as electric lamps.
north of Luxor, there are reliefs interpreted by some “experts” as electric lamps.
Introduction – Dendera Lamps
The “Dendera light” is a technology of
electrical lighting supposedly in existence in ancient Egypt, proposed
by some fringe authors. Proponents argue that the technology is depicted
in the Hathor temple at the Dendera Temple complex located in Egypt on
three stone reliefs (one single and a double representation), which
resemble some modern electical lighting systems. Egyptologists reject
the theory and explain the reliefs as a typical set of symbolic images
from Egyptian mythology.
Mainstream viewThe view of Egyptologists is that the relief is a mythological depiction of a djed pillar and a lotus flower, spawning a snake within, representing aspects of Egyptian mythology. The Djed pillar is a symbol of stability which is also interpreted as the backbone of the god Osiris. In the carvings the four horizontal lines forming the capital of the djed are supplemented by human arms stretching out, as if the djed were a backbone. The arms hold up the snake within the lotus flower. The snakes coming from the lotus symbolize fertility, linked to the annual Nile flood.Fringe viewIn contrast to the mainstream interpretation, there is a fringe hypothesis according to which the reliefs depict Ancient Egyptian electrical technology, based on comparison to similar modern devices (such as Geissler tubes, Crookes tubes, and arc lamps). |
In
his book “The Eyes of the Sphinx” pp. 171-173, Erich Von Däniken writes
that the relief is found in “a secret crypt” that “can be accessed only
through a small opening. The room has a low ceiling. The air is stale
and laced with the smell of dried urine from the guards who occasionally
use it as a urinal.” The room is not so secret, however, as many
tourists visit and photograph the room every year. Von Däniken sees the
snake as a filament, the djed pillar as an insulator, and claims that
“the monkey with the sharpened knives symbolizes the danger that awaits
those who do not understand the device.” This “device” is, the reader is
assured, an ancient electric light bulb.
Dendera Lamp exhibit at the Mystery Park in Switzerland. It shows “fringe” (electric lamp) interpretation of the famous Egyptian relief from Dendera
J. N. Lockyer’s passing reference to a colleague’s humorous
suggestion that electric lamps would explain the absence of lampblack
deposits in the tombs has sometimes been forwarded as an argument
supporting this particular interpretation (another argument being made
is the use of a system of reflective mirrors). Proponents of this
interpretation have also used a text referring to “high poles covered
with copper plates” to argue this but Dr. Bolko Stern has written in
detail explaining why the copper covered tops of poles (which were lower
than the associated pylons) do not relate to electricity or lightning,
pointing out that no evidence of anything used to manipulate electricity
had been found in Egypt and that this was a magical and not a technical
installation. — From WikipediaLights of the Pharaohs: the Electric Lights in Egypt?
by Frank Dörnenburg
It is a widespread belief in
alternative science that our forefathers possessed a much greater
technological knowledge than our schoolbook science is willing to
accept. Many of those theories are lacking serious foundation and are
often based on overdrawn speculations [ like the Manna machine ].
In the temple of Hathor at Dendera, several dozens of kilometers
north of Luxor, there are reliefs interpreted by some “experts” as lamps.
But the theory that electricity was known and used in antiquity seems
to rest on a much more stable foundation. The key to the whole theory
lies a few hundred kilometers east of Egypt, in today’s Iraq. There some
strange pots were found. Some contained watertight copper cylinders,
glued into the opening with asphalt. In the middle of the cylinder was
an iron rod, held in place also with asphalt. The excavator who found
the first of these pots in 1936 was sure: this is a galvanic element, a primitive battery [ see Baghdad Battery article] . Reconstructions did indeed show that it was possible to create electricity with it.north of Luxor, there are reliefs interpreted by some “experts” as lamps.
Another key element for the electro-thesis is actually something that is missing.
It’s a riddle where schoolbook science is capitulating. Soot. In none of the many thousands of subterranean tombs and pyramid shafts was found a single trace of soot, as we are told by the authors of the electro-thesis, although many of these tombs are full of often colourful paintings. But the primitive light sources the Egyptians knew (candles, oil lamps etc.) are always leaving soot and are using oxygen. So how DID the Egyptians get their light? Some rationalists are arguing with mirrors, but the quality of the copper plates the Egyptians used as mirrors were not good enough for that.
Temple of Hathor in Dendera
In this temple in Dendera,
several dozens of kilometers north of Luxor, some experts found the
light. A Norwegian electrical engineer noticed that the object shown on
the relief on top of this page could work as a lamp. An Austrian
colleague was able to construct a working model, and two well known
authors in the AAS, Peter Krassa and Rainer Habeck, could even work out a
real theory based on it. What we see is without question a form of
bulb, with two arms reaching into it near its thick end, and a sort of
cable at the other end, from where a snake is leaping out to touch the
arms on the other side. The whole ensemble really looks like a lamp.
- Is this the proof?
- Did the Egyptians know and use electric lights?
- If so, where did they get the principle from?
- Was it from their own invention, or did they have help?
Another picture from the crypts of Dendera: Eastern relief on south wall
Soot and Lamps
Before I go into the details of Dendera, I will examine some of the circumstantial evidence. That’s because some points several authors use to prepare the “light mystery” are in contrast to what I have seen personally. Here are two of many quotes:
“Krassa and Habeck are telling us,
that torches, oil lamps or candles are emitting soot on a large scale,
which must be detectable on walls and ceilings.But that is not the
case.”[1]
or
“In the Roman and Greek world torches and oil lamps were used to light the buildings. Wherever places are left where such devices were positioned, we can find traces of soot on the walls and ceilings. But in ancient Egypt … we can find these combustion traces nowhere.”[2]
Well, I have been in Egypt several times now, and I never had a problem to detect soot in pyramids and tombs. As an example here the soot covered burial chamber walls of the Red Pyramid of Dahschur:or
“In the Roman and Greek world torches and oil lamps were used to light the buildings. Wherever places are left where such devices were positioned, we can find traces of soot on the walls and ceilings. But in ancient Egypt … we can find these combustion traces nowhere.”[2]
Soot in burial chamber The oldest comment known to me about soot in the Great Pyramid is from John Greaves, in a book from 1638!![ 3 ]
The passages and chambers in
Egyptian pyramids were built with a few exceptions in open ditches like
the example of Abu Roasch below. A large dugout was furnished with
several layers of floor- and wall blocks, the sarcophagus was lowered
into the open chamber, ornamented wall parts, finished outside, were
lifted down and put in place, the roof was positioned, and then the
ditch was refilled. The whole construction process took place in broad daylight.
Abu Roasch – Trench for burial chamber
The great chambers of the red pyramid, and the passages in the great Pyramid, also were built in full daylight.
The whole time, until the last ceiling block was positioned years after
the chamber was begun, all tasks like polishing and furnishing the
walls and roof beams could be done in daylight. Why should there be soot in such constructions?
In the pyramid age only very few construction projects needed
artificial light, like the Djoser-labyrinth and the underground passage
and chamber in Khufu’s pyramid.It’s the same with the decorated chambers of the pyramids of the 5th and 6th dynasty. All decorations could be put to the wall blocks in broad daylight which were then covered afterwards. Even most of the private mastaba tombs could be finished with no artificial light. So missing soot in all these constructions would be no mystery at all.
Well, but what IS funny: In all these buildings which did not need any artificial lighting, soot can be found. Even the walls of the crypts where those supposed light bulb reliefs were found are covered with soot, as this picture shows:
Dendera – Soot on lamp relief The book quotes from above have now been falsified twice. For one, many of the passages needed no artificial lighting, and second they also contain lots of soot.
The source of the soot is pretty clear: almost all buildings have been opened in antiquity and were tourist attractions through the centuries, even millenia. For example: Greek writings were found in the subterran chamber of the Great Pyramid. There were thousands of visitors in them, and every single one of them, until the beginning of the 20th century, had to use oil lamps, candles or open flame torches to get light. And all those people spent a much larger amount of time in those buildings than the original builders.
Preliminary evaluation
One of the major foundational arguments for the lamp idea has disappeared. We now see that that the “no soot” argument is definitively untrue, as even buildings which did not need light during construction time have soot in them. A bad situation which can even get worse… Let’s take a look atSmoking lamps
This was my first lesson in how slow riddles are dying in alternative science. Because the first time I discussed this topic was even before I had connection to Usenet: in 1989!I hadn’t written anything critical about Dendera or even Daeniken yet – that was still five years in the future. But Daenikens new book “In den Augen der Sphinx” had just been published, and the passage I quoted on top of the page was discussed in one group of the so called “Maus-Netz”.
Well, if Daeniken was right, then all churches, houses and palaces before the invention of electric light must have been soot holes, because they all had candles or oil lamps as primary light sources. I hadn’t noticed that, so there was a chance, that Daeniken was wrong. So I concluded that an experiment was necessary here.
I took an ash tray, filled it with olive oil, formed a wick out of cotton wool, and soaked it with oil. Then I put the wick onto the side of the bowl so that it stuck out about 5 mm over the rim. I lit it – and it produced a steady, smokeless flame. Only an extremely long wick lead to an emission of soot.
I put a white dish over the flame, about 50 cm high, but I was unable to detect any trace of soot even after a long time. And it was nice to find out after some years that even experts like the famous material experts Clarke/Engelbach shared my opinion:
“Many visitors to the monuments express surprise that the painting could have been carried out in the darkness of the tombs and in the dim light of the temples. The Egyptian lamp was of the simplest type, merely a wick floating in oil. It is not infrequently represented in the scenes in the tombs, where it usually takes the form of an open receptacle mounted on a tall foot which, in the smaller examples, can be grasped in the hand. In the pictures, there arise from the receptacle what we may assume to be wicks or flames, always curved over the top as if blown by a current of air. Stand lamps in limestone have been found in the pyramid of El-Lahun, and representations of them in stone in the ‘Labrinth’ at Hawara. In Egyptian houses, small dishes were also used as lamps. They usually have their rims pinched into a spout …And even from the region where artificial light was most necessary we have notes from the Egyptians themselves: The many 100 m long tombs in the Valley of the Kings were definitively lighted with oil lamps and wicks, since we have protocols about wicks and lamps handed out to the workers each day from the Valley of the Kings – where it was carefully documented how many wicks of what length, and how much oil was given to each worker – there is no mystery at all how these tombs were illuminated. There is no place for pharaonic flash lights.[ 5 ]
The absence of smoke-blackening in the tombs of the kings is also no difficult explanation. If olive-oil is used, there is very little smoke, and a suitable covering over the lamp, for which various methods readily suggest themselves, would very easily prevent carbon being deposited on the ceiling.”[ 4 ]
After I posted my results to the “Maus” I made first contact with the wide spread unwillingness in alternative science to accept unpleasant results. “Bullsh*t”, “nonsense”, “I don’t believe you”, were the comments to my sootless lamps. I wrote back “People, you mustn’t believe me, just try it out for yourselves.” Again I drew a blank: “I don’t need to try it out, I know what happens and it’s not what you are posting here” was the only reaction.
Yes, and THAT is precisely the reason why the “mystery of the soot” is still part of every new publication and of at least one “Mystery Park“….
Conclusion:
Well, as Mr. Spock would say. “Fascinating”. None of the premises of the soot fans are correct. There is soot, although the Egyptian lamps were almost sootless and even buildings in no need of artificial illumination contain soot. This whole argument is as wrong as an argument can be. But just because we are sure that the soot comes from non-Egyptian sources it is still no evidence that can be used to propose alternative lighting methods.BTW: It is possible to reduce soot from oil lamps by putting salt into the oil. I didn’t try it out because I couldn’t get soot even without salt in the oil…
Remarks:
[1] Däniken, Erich von; Die Augen der Sphinx, Ullstein 1989, P. 215
[2] Ercivan, Erdogan; Das Sternentor der Pyramiden, Bettendorf 1997, P. 83
[3] explained in in: Lauer, Jean-Phillipe; Das Geheimnis der Pyramiden, Herbig 1980, P. 37 f
[4] Clarke, Somers & Engelbach, Reginald; Ancient Egyptian Masonry, London 1930, P. 201
[5] Brunner-Traut, Emma; Alltag unter Pharaonen, Herder 1998, P. 245
Energy Sources
There are more critical points about the lamp theory aside from the false argument of the missing soot. Another one: Where could have the Egyptians taken electricity from? For more than 200 years now systematic diggings took place in Egypt, and no electrical generators could be found. The only objects at all found from antique times which could produce some electricity are the famous “Baghdad- Batteries”.Baghdad-Batteries
These small pots which were found in the proximity of today’s Baghdad are the best candidates for electro-chemical devices found so far [ Baghdad Battery ]. The oldest were found in a Parthi settlement, which was inhabited around the time of Christ’s birth. The discovery site – a presumed hill which coincidentally was found to be an ancient village in 1936 – suggests even a later settling. The other pots even might have to be settled into the period to 1200 CE. From this, any usage of such devices in ancient Egypt seems to be very improbable.
Right from the beginning the chief excavator Wilhelm Koenig had the opinion that these pots had been batteries used for galvanizing items. Some finds and writings led to the belief that the Parthians knew a method of coating copper or silver with gold by using gold cyanide – without the use of electricity. With a reconstruction of the supposed battery the galvanizing rate could be quadrupled.
Such devices were only useable once. If they were used in large numbers in daily life, remnants of them must have been found somewhere. This is known to the proponents of this idea, too, so they strip down the usage of electric light to “sacral purposes only”. The situation gets schizophrenic here: On one hand the author shows a problem (soot) which only could be solved (in their opinion) by massive use of electric lighting, on the other hand they reduce their theory to a small scale sacral use themselves. Their own theory therefore can not solve the problem created to initiate the idea!
Battery = Energy?
There are surely differences between an accelerated galvanizing technique and lighting a light bulb. In the first case small amperages and voltages are enough to do the job, but not in the second case. Even a small torch bulb needs about one Watt to shed a dim light.The performance of a battery is the product of voltage and amperage (volt times ampere). The voltage is a material constant between different metals. If we place two different metals in acid we can measure an electric difference measured i Volts. This difference is independent from the size of the plates, it only depends on the materials used. The difference between two plates of the same material is null. Therefore you can sort the various metals into an electro-chemical row with the most negative elements (giving up electrons) to the left and the most positive ones (collecting electrons) to the right. This principle is known to us for approximately 200 years, and the best combinations for metals are known almost as long.
The “batteries” found in Baghdad however are quite poor in comparison. Some contained only same metals (copper rods in copper cylinders) and can produce therefore no voltage at all. And those few who could contains the metal pairing copper/iron which are only 0.5 volts apart on the electro-chemical scale. This excludes any systematic research of the phenomenon which would be the basis for the development of a lamp.
The second factor for a battery was solved nearly as inefficient than the first.
The amperage depends on the surface of the used electrodes. An ideal battery possesses two electrodes with surfaces as large as possible, with materials lying apart as far as possible on the electro-chemical scale. For example disk batteries like the famous Volta pile, which consisted of copper and zinc plates. Or our zinc coal batteries, whose central electrode is an activated charcoal staff with an active surface as large as several football fields. The relics of Baghdad are there poor, too, they came with single rods of iron with a minimal surface as counter electrode. This is another argument against coming from a systematic research of electricity.
Battery = Light?
In 1995 I made a reconstruction of a Baghdad-type battery myself. My first try was a disaster: The reaction stopped after a few minutes. After some research I found the reason: Such natural acids which could have been used (I used vinegar) need air to react. Therefore the closed original constructions never could have worked as batteries!After I drilled several holes into the cylinder it produced about 0.4-0.5 volts with open contacts, and had a short circuit amperage of 50 mA. The electrical “performance” adds up to 25 milli Watts without connected devices (which breaks down to 1/10th with a single bulb attached).
That means however, that for the operation of only one 1 watt-bulb the ridiculous quantity of forty batteries is needed! Since each battery weighs approximately 2 kilograms, the Egyptian flashlight without rack and wiring would weigh around 80 kilograms!
Oh, after approximately 8 hours power output the inside of the battery decomposes into a green, poisonous mud which must be disposed of.
And the soldering on the bottom gave way, too, so that the whole mess fell into the cylinder I had placed below the metal cylinder.
For the lighting of the building sites with batteries this means:
- One 1 Watt bulb needs 40 batteries per working day.
- A worker needs a lamp
- 10 workers were digging out each site
- Each excavation took two years (veeeery carefully estimated)
- => each system needed 292000 (!) batteries!
- Total weight: 584 tons!
- there are 400 large underground sites in Egypt
- => 116 million batteries were necessary
- ==> With a total weight of 233,600 tons!
- All these batteries would have to lie around somewhere as scrap iron or waste. The find situation for batteries in Egypt is however ZERO!
17,400 tons of this metal more precious than gold was needed.
From these numbers it can easily be derived that the operation of electrical lamps with the so-called Baghdad batteries was simply impossible. But no other antique energy sources are known, so that any lamp faces the problem of a missing power source.
In the television broadcast “Aliens – do they return?” by Erich von Daeniken, already addressed by me in the pyramid section, he tried to make a connection between Baghdad batteries and light in his typical way. He tried to suggest that a gas-discharge lamp could be powered with such a battery. So he connects a digital multi meter to the battery – a loud buzzing noise suggests a high voltage. Then we can read a not defined voltage of “0293″ on the meter; afterwards he presents a “reconstruction” of a Dendera-type gas discharge lamp also connected with a meter, and gives the impression that both voltages are of the same amount!
Other energy sources?
“If the Egyptians already knew batteries, then different generators will probably have been known” is a merry, but absurd or missing way of proving a theory.
When Volta experimented with its (by the way 10,000 times more efficient) batteries, he lived in the age of the research and progress. Each detail, each improvement was published and hundreds of scientists around the whole globe were busy with the study of nature and exchanged their results in innumerable publications. Nevertheless it lasted nearly 200 years until the induction was discovered, and out of this in the end the generator was developed. This needed an unbelievable number of small steps, and each of these can be reconstructed from uncounted publications.
From the Parthic, Babylonic or Egyptian region however no evidence for a systematic study of physics or chemistry, which is a mandatory prerequisite for the development of such technique is known. But without this knowledge no genius amateur handicraftsman can “by coincidence” invent something like a generator. This conclusion is therefore just as soundly as the reason chain “They had wheels, therefore they knew a combustion engine”.
As long as no find for the development of such a technology is made, we must exclude it. Even when Krassa/Habeck declare the Djed pillar surprisingly, after defining it in the first half of their book as “electrical insulator”, as a generator, which produces electricity with “hot air and dust”…
Related link: Baghdad Battery
TECHNICAL ISSUES
The “Lamp”
After two pieces of circumstantial evidence have been eliminated we should now take a closer look at the objects themselves. I will start “technical”, since the authors of the thesis asked for it. On the following pages I will show what Egyptology says about the pictures.I must start with some words of warning. The book “Lights of the Pharaohs” by the Austrian authors Krassa & Habeck (they wrote the most popular summary of the thesis, and I base my discussion on it) is nicely written and sounds logically sound. After reading of the book a laymen might ask himself, why Egyptology publishes such a rubbish about Egyptian history, since it seems to be completely different. But anyone with just a slight knowledge about Egyptian history sees at once, what a load of rubbish is poured onto the trusting reader. Most parts of the “history” the authors unfold are free inventions, therefore I cannot discuss those parts of the book – I simply have neither web space nor the time to correct everything they have twisted. I will stick therefore strictly to the objects and the technical and Egyptological discussions about them. Only some examples of Krassa/Habecks weird history will be discussed on an additional page at the end of this article.
So let us see how the representatives of the electro thesis interpret the famous Dendera picture.[1] Krassa/Habeck are giving the following explanations (which I will correct on the following pages )[2]
Priest
- ionized fumes
- electric discharge (snake)
- Lamp socket (Lotos)
- Cable (Lotos stem)
- Air god
- Isolator (Djed-Pillar)
- Light bringer Thot with knifes
- Symbol for “current”
- Inverse polarity (Haarpolarität +)
- Energy storage (electrostatic Generator?)
“If we evacuate a glass bulb with two metal parts reaching into it (B), (C), we can see a discharge at much lower levels, depending on the size of the glass balloon (D). At a pressure of about 40 t (tonnes) (40 mm of mercury) a snakelike light filament meanders from one metal part to the other (E). If we evacuate further, the light filament grows wider until it fills the whole glass balloon. This is exactly what we see in on the pictures in the subterranean chambers of the Hathor sanctuary.”[3]This is the basis of the technical interpretation. Sounds logical, sounds comprehensible – and doesn’t work!
How so often in “fringe science” this lamp idea only “works” by omission of important details. You might have noticed that I emphasized the word “two” in Garns comment. Why? Because “two” is the key word. Every “normal” lamp needs two electrodes to produce light, a simple light bulb or the Garn-construction.
“Well, and where is the problem?” you might ask. Simple. The problem is, that the “working” lamp picture in Dendera is only one of six. And from all six pictures this is the ONLY one where something reaches “into” the “bulb”!
The pictures of the objects can be seen three times in the subterranean crypts and three times in an associated “cult room” I will discuss later. The “working” lamp is once shown in the crypt. Three times pictures like this, with the air god Heh carrying the “lamp” are shown (one in the crypt, two in the cult room):
These objects could never had been lamps. Neither a
Garn-type nor a “normal” light bulb. But it gets even worse, because
there are pictures of similar objects in the chapels around the temple.
Without Djed, lotus or generator: 
Dendera – Snake Stella
This is a picture with so-called snake stones. Krassa and Habeck are
making fun about them, as “silly explanations of Egyptologists” –
therefore I will discuss their meaning on the Egyptological pages.Fact is, that the “lamp explanation” works only for one of six large pictures, and for none of the uncountable snake stones in this temple and in all of Egypt.
The only possible (and really used) explanation was: “The Egyptians saw the whole thing just a short moment, so they couldn’t remember how the thing really looked like“. But you must admit that this is silly. As you remember: the core of the lamp-story is, that the Egyptians used those things centuries, even millennia, to routinely light out their pyramids and tombs. And yet they could not remember how their daily tool looked like?
Even the “reduced model” (which also contradicts the initial no-soot-”evidence”), that only priests hat this magical instrument and showed it a few times a year to the astonished masses, fails, because they had to have the objects at hand and could have copied them. If we take in account that the “working” model is dramatically outnumbered by the non-working types we can only conclude that the idea is, from the scientific viewpoint, flawed. In science an idea is only interesting if it can at least everything other ideas can explain, and it is really interesting if it can explain some things even better.
The lamp model can not even explain five of the six large pictures, not to mention the hundreds of small snake stones. Funny: “school science” has no problems to explain them…
But there are more problems demolishing even the basic idea that those things could be light bulbs of any kind. Krassa/Habeck seem to believe that the objects on the pictures are shown in their natural proportions with regard to the “priest” behind the lamp (although they are wondering, that some other people are shown smaller than the priest).[4] If we use the priest as scale, the objects on the relief must be around 2.5 m long with a largest diameter of one meter, and a smallest diameter of 50 centimeter!
Regardless of the construction used, the bulb had to have a near vacuum inside – can you imagine the air pressure resting on such a device?
Well, we don’t need to guess, we can calculate it. With a length of 2,5 meters, a largest thickness of one meter and a smallest thickness of 50 centimeters we can calculate the volume roughly as a truncated cone of approximately 2 m length ( Volume = Pi * h /3 * (r12 + r1 * r2 + r22) and a hemisphere of one meter diameter (Volume 2/3 Pi r3). The combined volume is around 1,12 cubic meters, the surface of the object amounts to approximately 6,3 square meters.
If the object is evacuated, a pressure of about 63 t (tonnes) would rest on a Dendera object. To withstand such an immense pressure, the object would have to be quite thick-walled, at least two to three centimeters thick. The weight of this bulb would be then approximately 750 kilograms. And this monster would be nevertheless a ticking time bomb: a small crack in the glass by uneven cooling with the manufacturing, and the Dendera lamp implodes with the force of a bomb. The fragmentation effect might be deadly in the periphery of several meters!
I for my case also know of no vacuum glass bulb of similar format from modern manufacturing, and this might have its reasons. We cannot do it – but the Egyptians could? Although they had no technical industry at all? Err – no.
“Rubbish” one lamp-fan told me, who dropped the Garn idea in a millisecond to defend the general idea (the people in fringe science are very flexible in switching even basic assumptions to keep a “mystery” alive). I was told, that the bulb could have been filled with a noble gas.
Sure, noble gas grows on date palms
Without a real industrial technology it is impossible to get those
gasses. There is no trace of a technology needed to extract them before
the 20th century. Also: the Dendera lamp would have to contain enough
gas to fill at least 713,000 (!!!) halogen lamps with a lighting
performance of together 14 million Watts (at one bar filling
pressure)!!! And twice may be guessed what lights up more brightly.In both cases the Dendera construction is characterized primarily by its uselessness. A simple bulb or a 500 W halogen lamp needs fewer resources, is simpler and safer against production defects as such a monster. It has its reasons why we use today small bulbs and no Dendera giant, even 100something years after Edison.
Oh, I forgot the glass bulbs. Glass is for us a daily-life article, but the situation in ancient times was different. That’s why we come at last to a major problem of alternative history: the event horizon. Material expert Paul Nicholson writes in the current standard book about Egyptian materials and manufacturing techniques:
“Antikes ägyptisches Glas gehört zum besten der antiken Welt. Trotz seiner technischen Ausgereiftheit ist sein Ursprung und seine Fertigungstechnik noch unvollkommen verstanden. Lucas (1962:179) bemerkt, daß, obwohl Glas sporadisch vor der 18. Dynastie (ca. 1550 BC) auftauchte, dies wohl eher ein glückliches Nebenprodukt von Unfällen bei der Fayence-Fertigung war, während spätere Herstellungen eindeutig geplant gewesen sind. … Von 1500 BC an taucht Glas als reguläres Produkt mit hohem Prestige in Ägypten auf.”[5]So glass became a prestigious high price product around 1500 BCE – more than 1000 years after the great pyramids were built.
If we add al these facts the air becomes very thin for the lamp thesis – evacuated, to say.
Let’s have a look at some negligibilities I noticed along the way. Krassa/Habeck are enraged (like many of their colleagues) by the interpretation of things as “symbolic” in scientific publications. Disgusting. Paleo-SETI is much more straight forward, they need no symbolic hogwash to explain things. Well, aside, of course, of the symbols Krassa/Habeck also need to explain their construction!
Yes, they need symbols too. The snake for example. The Garn-lamp has either a light aura around the arms or the light fills out the whole bulb. A snake as continuous effect does not exist. So the snake suddenly becomes a symbol for the electric current! But it even gets better: not only the snake, but all of the objects on the relief suddenly become symbols – the only way the authors can interpret away unsuitable “details”.
The two facing persons below the bulb are transforming to a “symbol for alternating current”, the woman before them becomes a “symbol for electric current”, the ape with the two knifes (identified only a few pages earlier correctly as protection god Upu[6], but with a crazy interpretation) mutates within a few pages later[7] from a &”symbol for high voltage” to “Thot, bringer of light” – a “symbol for light”. That’s really funny, because Egyptology needs fewer symbols to explain the whole scenery, as I will show on the following pages.
The lamp idea fails again since it needs not less but more symbols. So what about the disgust for symbols? Are some more equal than others?
The next argument was, as expected, the famous “looks-like”-argument of fringe science. As long as there is no other plausible explanation, so the consensus on the former A.A.S. discussion board, there is no reason to see something else in those objects. Because the Dendera objects look so much like our modern lamps that other interpretations simply make no sense.
By the way: we often hear about “reconstructions” of ancient “artefacts”, but those normally don’t deserve that word. Like here those are in reality constructions designed in a way, that they look like parts on ancient reliefs or fit more or less badly written descriptions. Other objects are for example the Maya motor or the Hesekiel shuttle from Blumrich [ Ezechiel , Ancient Astronauts Theory ]. A lamp construction that looks like Dendera is possible but makes no sense. It has its reasons why we use small bulbs and not 2.5 m Dendera monsters.
The time scale
Let us now take a look at Dendera and it’s connection to Pharaonic Egypt. To support an influence of the Dendera-”technology” on ancient Egypt the temple must be old. And, so the authors Krassa/Habeck in their book, the temple IS old. Not only old, but prehistoric, too. Well, that’s it, then?No, not really, the authors are telling only half the truth. It is true that the location of the temple was used since old times, at least back to Khufu’s reign.
But this temple was torn down completely after Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BCE:
“Remnants of the former temples are … not known, because all earlier structures were torn down in the later Ptolemaic epoch to make room for the new, today visible temple.” [ 8 ]OK, but the reliefs could be older. They are located in underground chambers, maybe the weren’t removed? No. The reliefs are worked in high relief which cannot be altered afterwards. And on the reliefs we can find the name of the builder of the temple. Krassa/Habeck were, as we can read in their book, about 4 hours inside the rooms and photographed any square centimeter of the reliefs and inscriptions[9]. So they must have stumbled over the “visiting card” of the owner, its name cartouche. It can even be seen in their book on table 24: Ptolemeius XII. And he lived – around 50 BCE! That was it with prehistoric. If one looks up what Thomas Schneider has written in his Lexikon der Pharaonen (Dictionary of the Pharaohs) about Ptolemeius XII, we find:
“The outstanding event of the building and religion policy P.s ‘ XII. is the inauguration of the Edfu temple on 7 February 70. In Dendera he begun in the year 54 B.C. with the construction work of the Hathor temple……”[10]Still any questions? The temple was built in an era long after the end of dynastic Egypt, about 300 years after the reign of the last Egyptian pharaoh. And: no temple before Dendera shows symbols like these. There is no connection between these symbols and Pharaonic Egypt. Whatever they are: the whole idea of electricity in ancient Egypt has died with this building date.
Remarks:
[1] The numbers are equal to the ones in the sketch in Krassa/Habeck;Das Licht der Pharaonen, Herbig 1992, p. 231
[2] ibd.
[3] ibd. p. 239, emphasize by me
[4] ibd. p. 97
[5] Nicholson/Shaw (Hrsg.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press 2000, p. 195
[6] Krassa/Habeck p. 213
[7] ibd. p. 231
[8] Arnold, Dieter; Die Tempel Ägyptens, Artemis 1992, p. 165 ff
[9] Krassa, Habeck p. 100 & 106
[10] Schneider, Thomas; Lexikon der Pharaonen, Artemis 1994, p. 224 f
Egyptology Issues
The technical interpretation of the Dendera objects on the last page left open some unanswered questions. So let’s look now what Egyptology has to say about these reliefs. Would you be astonished if I say that these are pictures of “cult objects”?“Cult” is a definitive bad word in alternative archaeology, because in the opinion of many alternative authors “cult” is always used by school science when they cannot explain the real meaning of an object. But ancient man, so they argue, was much more intelligent than school science accepts, and had no need for useless cults (althogh this opens a new dilemma: on one hand our ancestors were too intelligent for cults, on the other hand they were too stupid to stack more than two stones without the help of “gods”).
The main point of cult-oppositionists is: If there IS no cult, we can interpret these objects technically with the “looks like…” method. And the answer to why there were no cults is the rhetoric counter-question: “Were the people in ancient times not as least as intelligent as modern day people? Why should they have more cults than we? And we intelligent people from today HAVE no cults.”
Well, they can’t be serious with the “cultless modern time”. There are some buildings called “churches” around, which can be seen as “cult centres”. Yes, there are cults celebrated there (communions, christenings, church service…) connected with cult objects (crosses, tabernacles, altars).
And then there are temples, mosques and synagogues from many different religions around the world, and many 100 mio. people celebrating the dedicated cults in these cult centres – inside and outside at home.
“Yeah, but that’s all”, said a cultless-fan in a discussion.
Yes, all. Aside from all those sects and other cults around, which are more and more favoured in our cultless western society. Crystal healing, UFO cults like Raelians, earth powers, Feng Schui, horoscopes, ghosts and the full spectre of esoteric believs…
Yes, we are really enlightened and cultless
Oh, and from the reaction of some “cultless” fans an adventure park in the Swiss alps is already regarded as centre of a new cult…
So when we today have several 100 million (or even some billion) of cultists around we can assume, that cults in ancient times played at least the same role as they do today. And I ask myself, how cultless-fans would interpret remains of our cult buildings. Church towers and minarets as “lost memory of space ships”? Oops, I forgot that this is even today paqrt of some alternative theses…
Here we meet him again, our old friend, the context. The way some authors work – pulling some details out of the context and molding them together to create a new reality – will produce spectacular results, but no reliable ones. The same here. Egyptian reliefs have the characteristic not to be located simply connectionless in the area. We find them usually in temples or graves. Unlike our “general-purpose churches” Egyptian temples normally served special purposes. If the Dendera temple served a light God, or perhaps even a “unknown instructor from the stars” for example – well, this would be a good sign.
Unfortunately, the temple serves no star god. The Dendera temple and its crypt, in which the mysterious figures are, serves exclusive one purpose: The yearly cycle of the sun, the New Year and its celebrations. The complete temple is dedicated to this topic. The crypt had also a practical function: It served to keep of the statues shown on the reliefs for the celebrations, which were gotten out to the ceremonies. The texts in the crypts, which are translated although some authors state otherwise, leave to it no doubt (e.g. ” hidden place of the smn pictures “). In the texts can be found which purpose what statue had, how big they were, what materials they consisted of and what was done with them during New Year’s Eve. So what have lamps have to do with New Year’s Eve?
The meaning of the reliefs
The text, which belongs to the relief, explains all its parts showing only the new year topics shown above. The main theme is the sun having its last day in the old year and its first morning in the new year. We can read this clearly enough: “Resomtus alive with gloss in the sky (and) lives at the day of the New Year celebration”. That is in a way the heading of the whole scene.The oval which contains the snake is according to some authors a light bulb and the snake a light filament. Apart from the fact that snakes in Egypt never represented “light” (and that I know of no lighting snakes) the oval had in Egypt a define meaning: It was a symbol of the morning sky, in ancient Egypt “Duat”!
The snake represents, as in many other pictures, the god of the morning sun, Harsomtus. But why, say the skeptics, should a snake be a symbol of the morning sun? Quite simple. The Egyptians noticed that snakes shed their hide and were believed to renew with each shedding. Almost as the morning sun, which comes up every morning renewed. And the sun moves like the snake without visible outer organs.
Especially in Greek-Roman times from 300 B.C. on Harsomtus is always depicted as snake. Therefore Harsomtus appears in Dendera in all cases as newborn sun, and not as a filament – it would be widely out of the context.
The Djed pillar
A substantial point in the light bulb argumentation is the Djed column. Since it is not exactly known what it represents, it is assumed to be an electrical insulator by some authors of the paleo SETI faction and integrated into the light bulb thesis. However, as we already saw in the technical section, the “lamp” is depicted in three different forms. One in its “functioning” form with the arms from the Djed pillar inside the “bulb”. Twice however in completely ‘un-isolatoric’
manner: Once completely without the Djed pillar – embarrassingly, if
it should be a so important item for the lamp case, and once with the
“glass bulb” itself resting on the Djed pillar with the arms outside the
bulb. In this case the Djed pillar cannot have been an insulator –
because glass itself is one of the best insulators known.What is correct is that we do not know the origin of the Djed form. It could have been many different things. But the hieroglyphic, the sign which used the Djed pillar as a word, was used exclusively for the word “lasting” or “stability” – at all times of the 3500 year long history. The occasional use of the symbol as “support of the sky” supports this meaning additionally. In the bulb representation the Djed supports the morning sky, which corresponds accurately with the conventions. So we can translate “Djed” in many cases just directly with “column”.
This quite crucial point is not at all registered by the proponents of the lamp thesis. Why – whether from unawareness or because it can destroy some beloved theory – is unknown to me. But in the texts to the lamp reliefs and in the pictures there is no other meaning for Djed than “lasting”, as the writings unmistakably prove. Until today no attempt was made to state why in this representation does not to apply in these pictures.
Further relief elements
The “light bulb” of Dendera has on the foot something like a socket, into which a “cable” runs, which is connected on the other side with a “generator”. This is the description we can read in the more fantastic literature. But the cable is no cable. It is, as we can read directly in the texts describing the scene, a symbolic sun barge, a boat in which the sun floated across the sky. All this is written in the texts beside the objects.Neither is the form of the barge shown in Dendera unusual. In many symbolic barge representations the boat only consists of a string like object which forms a bow and a stern. And on the horizontal platform between we find normally gods and objects connected with the sun or the sunrise. One of these objects connected with the sun barge, and normally located at its stern, is the lotus flower. This can be seen in Dendera, too. It’s the so called “lamp socket”!!
The ancient Egyptians believed that the sun originally came out of the first hill coming out of the flood of creation (the crypts in Dendera were accurately under this place, so was believed). One version of this was that the sun child (usually Nefertem) climbed out from a lotus flower – the same thing Harsomtus does in form of a snake in the Dendera pictures. A lotus flower is no lamp socket – it doesn’t look like one, and the inscriptions explaining the pictures simply state its a lotus flower. The lotus flower was used e.g. for the production of ointments. The God Nefertem, the Memphitic version of the sun god, was even called “The Large Lotus Flower”, who emerges as the first thing from the receding waters and started creation – that is much too far to expect from a lamp socket
. Lotus flowers looking similar to the ones depicted in Dendera were
often shown in desk scenes, and they were the coat of arms plant of
upper Egypt – the Knights of the Lamp Socket?? If the objects in Dendera
would indeed show lamp sockets, some texts and interpretations would
really be more than a little funny.The figure in the center is called Ka, and the connection of the texts on the north wall suggests that it is the Ka of Harsomtus. Ka is a type of physical soul and no “priest handling a device” as some authors propose.
The God on the “box” is Heh, the carrier of the sky, which supports the rising sun, a scene thousand-fold to be found in Egypt. Heh is like Djed a symbol for eternity – it defines however the cyclic eternity, contrary to Djed, which is for the “continuing” eternity. That is not by any means ridiculous, but has something to do with the way the old Egyptians saw “time”. There were objects which lasted forever – the sky, the sun, the earth. But an eternal sun wasn’t the guarantee, that the sun returned from the kingdom of the dead every morning! This was guaranteed by the cyclic eternity, represented by Heh. The pictures in the east represent the sunrise, whereas the pictures in the western spaces D and E show the sunset. And again without lamp.
With this knowledge, the three forms of the “lamp” objects suddenly make sense: In the first picture Djed carries the Harsomtus to make it eternal, and Heh the morning sky to let it come again in all eternity. In the second picture supports Djed the sky to make it eternal, and in the third one Heh to let it come again for all eternity. Both Reiliefs face each other directly. The technically absolutely unreasonable arm position of these pictures gives now a unique sense.
The Djed, the Duat, the Barge, Harsomtus, the Ka, the snake, Heh, etc. are foundations for whole theologies during all of ancient Egypt. All of these are well understood and give no room for misunderstood technique. For example, the Djed became since oldest time in combination with anch (life) and Uas (welfare) a luck symbol. No place for insulators. Almost as old is conception of the Djed as carrier of the sky, a canopy could rest therefore on four Djed pillars – why should a ceiling rest on insulators??? The Djed occurs very often in pairs. The Djeds is called then Schu (sky carrier) and Tefnut (in this case likewise sky carrier). The list could be continued easily much further, but these examples should be enough to see that there is no place in the Djed to be an insulator.
THE TRANSLATION OF THE TEXTS
Undeniably to interpret as lamps…
Further down you can read the translations of the texts of the crypts made by Egyptologist Wolfgang Waitkus. Based on these texts authors Krassa/Habeck come to the conclusion:“Surprisingly the texts of Dendera contain actually essentially technical data and paragraphs, which can be linked problem-free with our “electrical hypothesis”. Not only this: They represent an ideal, meaningful supplement and support our interpretation in an amazing way.”Author Habeck goes even further in claiming that Egyptologists are completely useless for deciphering the reliefs, since because of a lack of technical training they could not recognise a light bulb when standing right before one!! Literally:
“An egyptologist may be a specialist in his area, but is he able do detect electrotechnical knowledge in old texts and pictures? Hardly. He would probably never comt to the thought, because school book science anyhow categorically excludes this possibility.”But judge for yourself:
Complete text of the south wall:
Bandeau de la frise:Resomtus is alive with gloss in the sky (and) lives at the day of the New Year celebration. He lights up in its house in the night of the child in his nest, by donating the light to the country from the birth bricks. The sky is jubilant, the earth is pleased and the God chapels is glad, when he appears in his chamber in his procession barge at his beautiful celebration of the New Year.
The God with his disk has come to see him. Nehebkau gives him reputation, and the goddess with her disk, with godly body, rejuvenates him in his sanctuary.
Tchnt tpjt jnr (probably the goddess Thoeeris, a birth goddess) is content because of her majesty. She praises Re because of him with praise for his Ka, with wine from schfjt (wine area) and meat bits on the altar before him.
The “land-of-Atum” (= Dendera) is prepared with his most distinguished plan, as Hu and Sia are subordinated to him. He may protect the son of Re (empty king cartouche), forever.
Title of the south wall:
Bringing of the amuletts (Pektoral) made of gold.
Speak: To speak words: This is the protection of your majesty for the celebration, in ktmt gold.
Ihi: Words to speak of Ihi, the great, the son of the Hathor, the noble child with shining plait: I please your heart with glories for your person, and I drive rage out with spells.
King: The king of upper and lower Egypt (cartouche with the name of Ptolemaeus XII.), the son of Re (cartouche with another name of the same king).
Royal edge line
I came to you, to your place (destroyed section). Beautiful one, whose looks are perfect. I have the Amulet of gold (destroyed section) attached with live on the day of the celebration (destroyed section) of your body.
Isis: Words to speak of Isis, the great, the gods mother, lady of jat dj, who stays in Dendera, the beginning with whose arrival the earth began, turquoise skin and lapislazuli like head.
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great god who stays in Dendera. Gold, height: 4 hands. Made of metal the Day barge, the lotos flower from gold (this section is about the statues kept here, which were brought upward (room G)).
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great God, who stays in Dendera, the multicolored-feathered who is on the Serech. Gold. Height: 1 cubit. (the falcon on the relief is meant)
Ihi: Words to speak of Ihi, the great, the son of the Hathor, Re in its shape of the great God, who appears with the diadem as a king of jztj (Egypt)and as a master of the Sed festival,: You reign Dendera millionfold from the nhh eternity to the completion of the Djed eternity. Gold. Height: 1 cubit.
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great, who stays in Dendera, the living Ba in the Lotus flower of the day barge, whose perfection the two arms of the Djed pillar carry as its seschemw picture, while the Ka’s on its knees are with bent arms. Gold. All precious stones, height: 3 hands.
Harsomtus: Words to speak of Harsomtus, the great, who stays in Dendera, who is in the arms of the princes in the night barge, the noble snake, whose chntj statue carries Heh, whose crew carries his perfection in holyness, because of whose Ba the appearing (Hathor) in the sky appeared, whose shape is admired by admirers, who comes as unique, enveloped by his head serpents, with numerous names at the point of chw.n=sn (Gods with relationship with the Hathor), the sechm-picture of Re in the “Land-Of-Atum” (= Dendera), the father of the Gods, who created everything. Gold, metal, height: 4 hands.
Isis: Words to speak of Isis, the great, mother of the Gods, lady of jat dj, who stays in Dendera, the queen of the rchjt people, with pointed horns.
Edge line of the Gods
Come in peace, servant of his Lord, as the chw djeser priests are subordinated to you, and you protect my throat with your trusty behavior. I have myself pleased about the freshness of your character. Gold. Height: 1 cubit.
Final remarks:
As the text proves, there is no question about the contents of the reliefs. The texts describe the pictures as representations of statues, which were kept in these rooms. They give detailed descriptions of their extents and even the used material. A bulb made from gold – well, much light would not shine through it Even if one does not understand the contents of the texts, which admittedly sound rather confusing without previous knowledge, one should perhaps believe this time the Egyptologists or at least accept the mention of the New Year celebrations as main theme.
Clearly visible is the fact that there is not the smallest suggestion which could justify an interpretation as light bulb in the texts. The function of these rooms was to keep the cult statues which were necessary for the celebrations mentioned. Further references to these absolutely clear circumstances supply the other walls of the rooms, whose texts are not shown here. As found so often, the whole theory is based on the complete neglect of all results of scientific archaeological work. The light bulb thesis is pure fantasy without empirical core, based solely on the “looks like – was then”-method and takes no consideration of any facts – even not to those written in large “letters” right beside it.
Light of the pharaohs…
In German speaking countries the idea of “electric lighting” was brought to a greater public by two Austrian authors, Reinhard Habeck and Peter Krasa. I could not find any reference to them on any English website, so i believe that they play no role outside Austria/Gemany/Swiss. They even seem to have occupied the idea from a Scandinavian author whose book I unfortunately could not get yet.Because of the irrelevance of Krassa/Habeck in the rest of the world I will not bring my critique of their book here. But in the book they use some tricks do make the Hathor temple mysterious, that I have found on several English wep pages about Dendera, too. Therefore you can find these few examples here.
Age and inscription
To make the Hathor temple mysterious enough it must be old. Very old, prehistoric if possible. Because we could hardly speak of an influence for pharaonic Egypt, if the first and only temple containing such pictures was from, lets say, about 50 B.C. Therefore the “lamp authors” declare the temple to be old. Their first piece of evidence: The “Zodiac of Dendera”, located on top of the temple, is prehistoric! The zodiac is a kind of a small orrery, hewn into a rock, with a diameter of about 3 meters. When the orrery is prehistoric, the temple beneath must be much more prehistoric
simple. The ozodiac shows the constellations of the stars and the
planets and is prehistoric, because “the represented constellations do
not correspond with those of our time”. But: Analyses of the zodiac made
for example by the mathematical-astronomical section at the Goetheanum
showed, that the zodiac does not represent an astronomically possible
constellation, since for example Venus and Mercury are to each other in
an astronomically impossible angle. It is therefore no real
representation, but a symbolic overview of all planets and
constellations which could be seen during the years!By the way: The zodiac cannot be prehistoric – it can be at its oldest from 332 B.C. Why? Because it shows the constellations in their Greek forms! Therefore it cannot be older than the year the Hellens conquered Egypt – 332 B.C.!
But the zodiac is not the only thing to be re-dated for the “higher purpose”. To be old, the writings must be old, too, therefore we can read in Krassa/Habecks book:
“It remained reserved for the French archaeologist Augusts Mariette to find in the middle of the 19th century in the crypts of Dendera [...] in yet completely unknown relief figures. Additionally they contained a hieroglyphic writing, which had only little in common with the well-known hieroglyphs on the Rosetta stone. Hieroglyphics from an older epoch of old Egypt, which could not be dated exactly yet, whose decoding has now begun.”Anybody with even rudimentary knowledge of Hieroglyphics will now protest. Fact is: The old Egyptian writing consisted mostly of syllables. A hieroglyphic usually represents one consonant, which forms a syllable with a not represented vowel. The old writing got along therefore with relatively few characters. Beyond that there was a number of symbols, which contained several syllables (consonants), as well as a collection of “real” picture symbols and determinatives which should suggest, how a word is to be interpreted. All in all approximately 750 characters. At the beginning of Egypt history. All these characters are well-known and their interpretation undisputed.
Much later, more than thousand years after the end of the pyramid era, Egypt became the playball of its neighbors, who attacked, annexed and ruled the country now and then. And all were fascinated by hieroglyphics and began to add own characters. At the time when Egypt was a Roman province, about the 8000 hieroglyphic symbols were used, some of them were found only in one or two reliefs or writings – to guess their meaning is very hard and often cause of great debate. The fact that the Dendera inscriptions are to be translated with difficulty, is therefore a sign for a relatively young age of the Dendera crypts!
Oh, by the way, I forgot. The age of the crypts can be determined even accurately. Krassa/Habeck were, as we can read in their book, about 4 hours inside the rooms and photographed any square cenimeter of the reliefs and inscriptions. So they must have stumbled over the “visiting card” of the owner, its name cartouche. In their book one can be seen on table 24: Ptolemeius XII. And he lived – around 50 B.C.! That was it with prehistoric. If one looks up what Thomas Schneider has written in his “Lexikon der Pharaonen” (Dictionary of the Pharaos) about Ptolemeius XII, we find:
“The outstanding event of the building and religion policy P.s ‘ XII. is the inauguration of the Edfu temple on 7 February 70.Still any questions?
In Dendera he begun in the year 54 B.C. with the construction work of the Hathor temple……
Related Images and Links
- About Erich von Daeniken & co: http://www.doernenburg.alien.de/eng
- http://www.doernenburg.alien.de/RDV/RDV01_e.php
- Travelling, Diving and Egyptology: http://www.fdoernenburg.de/eng
- Baghdad Battery
- Ezechiel
- Ancient Astronauts Theory
- The Venus Crossing
- Une promenade en Egypte – website of Alain Guilleux
Three photos below (curesy of Alain Guilleux) show reliefs from the inside of the temple of Hathor
Relief from the inside of the temple of Hathor at Dendera
Photo © Alain Guilleux, courtesy of Une promenade en Egypte
Photo © Alain Guilleux, courtesy of Une promenade en Egypte
Relief from the inside of the temple of Hathor at Dendera
Photo © Alain Guilleux, courtesy of Une promenade en Egypte
Photo © Alain Guilleux, courtesy of Une promenade en Egypte
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